Advances in Energy Research

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The water-energy-food resources and environment: Evidence from selected SAARC countries

  • Received : 2018.11.06
  • Accepted : 2019.01.23
  • Published : 2019.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between water resources, energy demand, food production, and environmental pollutants in selected SAARC nations, namely, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, during the period of 1990-2016. The results show that water, energy, and food (WEF) resources substantially affected air quality in the form of high mass carbon emissions, fossil fuel energy demand, methane discharges, nitrous oxide emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions in these countries. Food production and food deficit largely increase $CO_2$ emissions due to unsustainable production and malnutrition, while land use under cereal production increases $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. Electricity production escalates $CO_2$ emissions and fossil emissions across countries. The results support the carbon EKC hypothesis, while monotonic increasing function exists in case of fossil fuel energy. The study emphasizes the need to ensure environmental sustainability agenda by adopting cleaner production technologies in WEF resources.

Keywords

References

  1. Abidin, I.S.Z., Haseeb, M., Azam, M. and Islam, R. (2015), "Foreign direct investment, financial Development, international trade and energy consumption: Panel data evidence from selected ASEAN Countries", Int. J. Energy Econ. Pol., 5(3), 841-850.
  2. Ang, J.B. (2008), "Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in Malaysia", J. Policy Model., 30(2), 271-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.04.010
  3. Apergis, N. and Ozturk, I. (2015), "Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries", Ecol. Indic., 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026
  4. Avellan, T., Ardakanian, R., Perret, S.R., Ragab, R., Vlotman, W., Zainal, H., Im, S.J. and Gany, H.A. (2018), "Considering resources beyond water: Irrigation and drainage management in the context of the water-energy-food nexus", Irrig. Drain, 67(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2154
  5. Awan, U., Kraslawski, A. and Huiskonen, J. (2018), "Governing interfirm relationships for social sustainability: The relationship between governance mechanisms, sustainable collaboration, and cultural intelligence", Sustainability, 10(12), 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124473
  6. Ayres, R.U., Turton, H. and Casten, T. (2007), "Energy efficiency, sustainability and economic growth", Energy, 32(5), 634-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.06.005
  7. Bergendahl, J.A., Sarkis, J. and Timko, M.T. (2018), "Transdisciplinarity and the food energy and water nexus: Ecological modernization and supply chain sustainability perspectives", Resour. Conserv. Recy., 133, 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.001
  8. Bilgili, F., Kocak, E. and Bulut, U. (2016), "The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on $CO_{2}$ emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 54, 838-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
  9. Boutabba, M.A. (2014), "The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy", Econ. Model., 40, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.03.005
  10. Brook, B.W. and Bradshaw, C.J. (2015), "Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation", Conser. Bio., 29(3), 702-712. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12433
  11. Brownstone, D. and Golob, T.F. (2009), "The impact of residential density on vehicle usage and energy consumption", J. Urban. Econ., 65(1), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2008.09.002
  12. Das, T. and Cabezas, H. (2018), "Tools and concepts for environmental sustainability in the food-energy-water nexus: Chemical engineering perspective", Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 37(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12763
  13. Demirbas, A. (2015), "Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuel", Energy Policy, 35(9), 4661-4670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.003
  14. Gain, A.K., Giupponi, C. and Benson, D. (2015), "The water-energy-food (WEF) security nexus: The policy perspective of Bangladesh", Water Int., 40(5-6), 895-910. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1087616
  15. Geels, F.W. (2013), "The impact of the financial-economic crisis on sustainability transitions: Financial investment, governance and public discourse", Environ. Innov. Societ. Transition., 6, 67-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2012.11.004
  16. Grossman, G.M., and Krueger, A.B. (1991), Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  17. Gyamfi, S., Diawuo, F.A., Kumi, E.N., Sika, F. and Modjinou, M. (2018), "The energy efficiency situation in Ghana", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 82, 1415-1423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.007
  18. IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151.
  19. Katircioglu, S.T., Feridun, M and Kilinc, C. (2014), "Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and $CO_{2}$ emissions: The case of Cyprus", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 29, 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.004
  20. Keong, C.Y. (2005), "Energy demand, economic growth, and energy efficiency-the Bakun dam-induced sustainable energy policy revisited", Energy Policy, 33(5), 679-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.09.017
  21. Kibler, K.M., Reinhart, D., Hawkins, C., Motlagh, A.M. and Wright, J. (2018), "Food waste and the foodenergy-water nexus: A review of food waste management alternatives", Waste Manage., 74, 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.014
  22. Kuznets, S. (1955), "Economic growth and income inequality", Am. Econ. Rev., 45(1), 1-28.
  23. Lee, C.T., Lim, J.S., Van Fan, Y., Liu, X., Fujiwara, T. and Klemes, J.J. (2018), "Enabling low-carbon emissions for sustainable development in Asia and beyond", J. Clean. Prod., 176, 726-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.110
  24. Masih, A. (2018), "Thar coalfield: Sustainable development and an open sesame to the energy security of pakistan", J. Phys. Conference Ser., 989(1), 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012004
  25. Oh, T.H., Pang, S.Y. and Chua, S.C. (2010), "Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: issues and challenges for sustainable growth", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 14(4), 1241-1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.12.003
  26. Olsson, G. (2013), "Water, energy and food interactions-Challenges and opportunities", Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 7(5), 787-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0526-z
  27. Osborne, T., Rose, G. and Wheeler, T. (2013), "Variation in the global-scale impacts of climate change on crop productivity due to climate model uncertainty and adaptation", Agr. Forest Meteorol., 170, 183-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.006
  28. Ouyang, X. and Lin, B. (2015), "An analysis of the driving forces of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in China's industrial sector", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 45, 838-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.030
  29. Ozturk, I. (2016), "The relationships among tourism development, energy demand, and growth factors in developed and developing countries", Int. J. Sust. Develop. World. Eco., 23(2), 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2015.1092000
  30. Poumanyvong, P. and Kaneko, S. (2010), "Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower $CO_{2}$ emissions? A cross-country analysis", Ecol. Econ., 70(2), 434-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.029
  31. Qureshi, M.I., Khan, N.U., Rasli, A.M. and Zaman, K. (2015), "The battle of health with environmental evils of Asian countries: promises to keep", Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22(15), 11708-11715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4440-8
  32. Raymond, P.A., Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Sobek, S., McDonald, C., Hoover, M., Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., Kortelainen, P., Durr, H., Meybeck, M., Ciais, P. and Guth, P. (2013), "Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters", Nature, 503(7476), 355. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12760
  33. Salahuddin, M., Gow, J. and Ozturk, I. (2015), "Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 51, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.005
  34. Shahbaz, M., Khan, S. and Tahir, M.I. (2013), "The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: Fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis", Energy Econ., 40, 8-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.06.006
  35. Walker, R.V., Beck, M.B., Hall, J.W., Dawson, R.J. and Heidrich, O. (2014), "The energy-water-food nexus: Strategic analysis of technologies for transforming the urban metabolism", J. Environ. Manage., 141,104-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.054
  36. Wang, Y., Han, R. and Kubota, J. (2016), "Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for $SO_{2}$ emissions? A semi-parametric panel data analysis for China", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 54, 1182-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.143
  37. Wang, Z. and Yang, L. (2015), "Delinking indicators on regional industry development and carbon emissions: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic band case", Ecol. Indic., 48, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.07.035
  38. World Bank (2017), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  39. Yamagata, Y., Hanasaki, N., Ito, A., Kinoshita, T., Murakami, D. and Zhou, Q. (2018), "Estimating water- food-ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6)", Sustain. Sci., 13(2), 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0522-5
  40. Zaman, K. (2017), "Biofuel consumption, biodiversity, and the environmental Kuznets curve: Trivariate analysis in a panel of biofuel consuming countries", Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24(31), 24602-24610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0087-y
  41. Zaman, K. and Abd-el Moemen, M. (2017), "Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic development: Evaluating alternative and plausible environmental hypothesis for sustainable growth", Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 74, 1119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.072
  42. Zaman, K., Moemen, M.A.E. and Islam, T. (2017b), "Dynamic linkages between tourism transportation expenditures, carbon dioxide emission, energy consumption and growth factors: Evidence from the transition economies", Curr. Issues. Tour., 20(16), 1720-1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1135107
  43. Zaman, K., Shamsuddin, S. and Ahmad, M. (2017a), "Energy-water-food nexus under financial constraint environment: Good, the bad, and the ugly sustainability reforms in sub-Saharan African countries", Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24(15), 13358-13372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8961-1
  44. Zhang, X., Li, H.Y., Deng, Z.D., Ringler, C., Gao, Y., Hejazi, M.I. and Leung, L.R. (2018), "Impacts of climate change, policy and Water-Energy-Food nexus on hydropower development", Renew. Energy, 116, 827-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.030
  45. Zhao, R., Liu, Y., Tian, M., Ding, M., Cao, L., Zhang, Z., Chuai, X., Xiao, L. and Yao, L. (2018), "Impacts of water and land resources exploitation on agricultural carbon emissions: The water-land-energy-carbon nexus", Land Use Policy, 72, 480-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.029
  46. Zou, X., Azam, M., Islam, T. and Zaman, K. (2016), "Environment and air pollution like gun and bullet for low-income countries: war for better health and wealth", Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(4), 3641-3657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5591-3