References
- Adamski, D. (2018). The influence of new technologies on the social withdrawal (Hikikomori syndrome) among developed communities, including Poland. Social Communication. Online Journal, 1 (17), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.2478/sc-2018-0007
- Altmann, E. O., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). The social behavior of depressed children: An observational study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16 (1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00910498
- Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). AMOS 21.0. Crawforville: Amos Development Corporation.
- An, Y., & Park, S. (2017). A study on the effects of community spirit on interpersonal relationships of adolescents and the mediating effects of self-esteem. Journal of School Social Work, 39, 95-117. https://doi.org/10.20993/jSSW.39.5
- Bailey, B., & Davidson, J. (2007). Psychological and physical benefits of participation in vocal performance. In J. Edwards (Ed.), Music: Promoting health and creating community in healthcare contexts (pp. 52-63). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Bohnert, A. M., Kane, P., & Gaber, J. (2008). Organized activity participation and internalizing and externalizing symptoms: Reciprocal relations during adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 37 (2), 239-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9195-1
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development, Vol. 6. Six theories of child development: Revised reformulations and current issues (pp. 187-249). London: JAI Press.
- Brown, T. (2007). Predicting young adult outcomes from adolescent activities and family structure: A social capital approach (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona State University, Arizona, U.S.
- Chipuer, H. M. (2001). Dyadic attachments and community connectedness: Links with youths'loneliness. Journal of Community Psychology, 29 (4), 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1027
- Cho, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Ko, D. H. (2014). The differences of adolescence's leisure activities depending on the parent's socio-economic status. Journal of Tourism Science, 38 (5), 139-158.
- Cho, M. (2007). The effects which the group spirit could have on the school life and academic achievement (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea.
- Choi, B. O. (2014). The effects of community-based creative experience activities on career-related and emotion-related factors. Teacher Education Research, 53 (4), 693-705. https://doi.org/10.15812/ter.53.4.201412.693
- Choi, K. I. (2018). An effect of satisfaction at youth's experiential activities on multicultural acceptance: An mediating effect of the interpersonal relationship and sense of community. Journal of Youth Welfare, 20 (1), 117-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.19034/KAYW.2018.20.1.05
- Choi, M. (2002). The relationship between volunteering service level and self-esteem of the youth (Unpublished master's thesis). Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea.
- Conrad, D., & Hedin, D. (1989). High school community service: A review of research and programs. Wisconsin: Madison Center for Education Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Coplan, R. J., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., Kingsbury, A., Kingsbury, M., & Bullock, A. (2013). Alone is a crowd: Social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49 (5), 861-875. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028861
- Digital News Team. (2014, November 14). Korean children 'satisfaction of life' is lowest in OECD ... Increased stress and depression. Kyunghyang Shinmun . Retrieved October 1, 2018, from http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?code=940702&artid=201411041508151
- Do, J. S., & Sung, J. M. (2013). The effects of youth activity on sociality development. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 15 (2), 145-173.
- Du, H., Bernardo, A. B., & Yeung, S. S. (2015). Locus-of-hope and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of personal self-esteem and relational self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.026
- Fauth, R. C., Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). Does the neighborhood context alter the link between youth's after-school time activities and developmental outcomes? A multilevel analysis, Developmental Psychology, 43 (3), 760-777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.760
- Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education. NY: Appleton.
- Gunnar, M. R., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-173. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605
- Harrison, P. A., & Narayan, G. (2003). Differences in behaviour, psychological; factors, and environmental factors associated with participation in school sports and other activities in adolescence. Journal of School Health, 73 (3), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03585.x
- Hong, B., & Nam, M. (2004). Social welfare with youth. Seoul: Yangseowon.
- Hong, J. (2001). The effects of voluntary service activities of middle school students on self-esteem and achievement motivation (Unpublished master's thesis). Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea.
- Hong, N. (2015). The effects of youth volunteering on school adjustment mediated by self-esteem and community spirit. Forum for Youth Culture, 44, 157-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.17854/ffyc.2015.10.44.157
- Hong, S. H. (2000). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19 (1), 161-177.
- Hwang, J., Huh, H., & An, H. (2013). Changes in youths'participation in youth activities, their self-recognition and social development: A longitudinal analysis from middle school year 1 to year 3 (National Youth Policy Institute (Report No. 13-R14-3). Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute..
- Ji, S. (2006). The study of high school student's activities of Marine Sports on the development of their sociality. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education, 18 (3), 329-340.
- Jung, S. B., Kim, J. T., & Kim, E. S. (2016). Structural relationship model among physical competence, self-esteem, sense of community and school adjustment of adolescent. Journal of the Korean Society for Wellness, 11 (3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.21097/ksw.2016.08.11.3.327
- Jwa, H., & Oh, S. (2011). Gender differences in developmental trajectory and predictors of internalizing problem. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 13 (4), 119-147.
- Kim, D. J. (2009). Influence of volunteer service upon sociality development of adolescence. Journal of Social Welfare Support, 4 (1), 123-146.
- Kim, G. S. (2010). Analysis of AMOS 18.0 structural equation model. Seoul: Hannarea Academy.
- Kim, H. (1999). The influence of youth volunteer activity on the social development (Unpublished master's thesis). Dong-A university, Busan, Korea.
- Kim, H. (2014). The effects of latent classes in adolescents' social activity participation on their sense of community. Journal of School Social Work, 28, 195-214.
- Kim, J. H., & Yoo, H. C. (2009). The same age relationship of the young people swim classroom participant affects in community spirit and social maturity degree. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 35, 609-619. https://doi.org/10.51979/KSSLS.2009.02.35.609
- Kim, K. (2007). The influences of high school students' volunteer activities on their self-esteem (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Daegu University, Daegu, Korea.
- Kim, S., & Kim, K. (1998). Development of behavior problem scale for children and adolescence. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 16 (4), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.1998.41.2.155
- Kim, S. S., & Ahn, J. J. (2012). The effects of adolescents' volunteer activities on their sense of community: Focusing on the mediating role of self-esteem and peer attachment. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 43 (1), 339-363. https://doi.org/10.16999/kasws.2012.43.1.339
- Kuhlberg, J. A., Pena, J. B., & Zayas, L. H. (2010). Familism, parentadolescent conflict, self-esteem, internalizing behaviors and suicide attempts among adolescent Latinas. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 41 (4), 425-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0179-0
- Kwon, H. (2004). Study on the democratic citizenship of middle school students (Unpublished master's thesis). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
- Kwon, M. (2014). Effects of social withdrawal and depression on physical education record of adolescents. The Korea Journal of Sports Science, 22 (3), 351-360.
- Lee, J. H., Jung, J. S., & Lee, S. J. (2014). A research on the effects of art media on adolescents'depression, anxiety, and interpersonal relationship. Journal of Arts Psychotherapy, 10 (2), 263-286.
- Lee, B., Min, W., & Kim, J. (2014). A study for developmental trajectories of social withdrawal in adolescence: An exploratory approach based on developmental-contextualism perspective. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 21 (8), 317-346.
- Lee, T., Lee, S., & Han, Y. (2015). The moderating effect of gender in the relationship between physical education and adolescents'internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors: Using multi-level growth modeling. The Korean Journal of School Psychology: Culture and Social Issue, 21 (2), 131-158.
- Lindblad, F., Hogmark, A., & Theorell, T. (2007). Music intervention for 5th and 6th graders e effects on development and cortisol secretion. Stress and Health, 23 (1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1109
- Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2003). Child psychopathology (2nd ed). New York: Guilford.
- Mcdonald, E. J., McCabe, K., Yeh, M., Lau, A., Garland, A., & Hough, R. L. (2005). Cultural affiliation and self-esteem as predictors of internalizing symptoms among Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34 (1), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_15
- McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14 (1), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I
- Ministry of gender equality and family of Republic of Korea. (2012). White paper on youth (Report No. 11-1383000-000102-10). Seoul: Ministry of gender equality and family of Republic of Korea.
- Moon, S. H., & Moon, H. Y. (2009). A comparative analysis on the realities and effects of youth volunteer work. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 11 (1), 101-120.
- Moon, S. H., & Moon, H. Y. (2010). A study on the participation situation, satisfaction and effectiveness of youth activities. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 12 (2), 95-122.
- National Youth Policy Institute. (2014). Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) the first to fifth survey sample. Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute.
- National Youth Policy Institute. (2014). Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) the first to fourth survey data code book. Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute.
- OECD. (2017). How does KOREA compare on child well-being? Retrieved Feb 1, 2019, from https://www.oecd.org/els/family/CWBDP_Factsheet_KOR.pdf.
- Oh, W., Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Booth-LaForce, C., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2008). Trajectories of social withdrawal from middle childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36 (4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9199-z
- Park, A. (2014). The effect of perceived neglect on children's depressive symptoms: focusing on mediating effects of self-esteem and social withdrawal. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16 (4), 397-416.
- Park, K. W. (2014). The effects of parents' neglect and abuse on the school adjustment in adolescents: The mediating effects of social withdrawal. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 35 (1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2014.35.1.1
- Park, G. N. (2009). The effect of youth participation on a sense of community. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 16 (10), 273-306.
- Park, H., & Hong, S. (2014). The relationships between rejection sensitivity and victimization of children: mediating effects of selfesteem, social withdrawal and inhibition. The Journal of Korea Elementary Education, 25 (3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.20972/kjee.25.3.201409.1
- Park, J., & Lee, T. (2015). The effects of participation duration and satisfaction in youth's experiential activities on life satisfaction and sense of community: The mediating effect on school adjustment. Journal of the Korea Institute of Youth Facility and Environment, 13 (2), 237-248.
- Park, K. W. (2014). The effects of parents' neglect and abuse on the school adjustment in adolescents: The mediating effects of social withdrawal. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 35 (1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2014.35.1.1
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
- Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Social withdrawal and anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 407-434). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rubin, K. H., Chen, X., & Hymel, S. (1993). Socioemotional characteristics of withdrawn and aggressive children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39 (4), 518-534.
- Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, H. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60 , 141-171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
- Ryu, M. G. (2013). Mediating effects of self-regulation on the relationship between sociality development and participation satisfaction to the youth culture zone. Journal of Adolescent Behavior Science, 18 , 113-136.
- Ryu, S., & Kang, B. (2012). The effects of adolescents'leisure experiences on self-esteem and happiness. Studies on Korean Youth, 23 (4), 27-50.
- Schwartz, C. E., Snidman, N., & Kagan, J. (1999). Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38 (8), 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199908000-00017
- Seo, M. (2008). The effects of gender and perceived academic achievement upon early adolescents'internalization of behavior problems: depression/anxiety. Studies on Korean Youth, 19 (4), 115-138.
- Seoul National University Hospital (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric disorders in child and adolescent population -school based research- (Report No. HM16C1994). Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare.
- Shin, Y. L. (2007). Social withdrawal and friendships in childhood. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 28 (5), 193-207.
- Shin, K., & You, S. (2013). Leisure type, leisure satisfaction and adolescents'psychological wellbeing. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 7 (2), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2013.6
- Smokowski, P. R., Rose, R. A., & Bacallao, M. (2009). Influence of risk factors and cultural assets on Latino adolescents'trajectories of self-esteem and internalizing symptoms. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 41 (2), 133-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0157-6
- Woo, Y. R., & Nho, C. R. (2014). Mediating effects of sense of community solidarity between emotional and aggressive problems and school adjustments among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16 (2), 203-227.
- Seo, U. (2007). Impacts of the socioeconomic environments on the leisure activities of the youth. Studies on Korean Youth, 18(1), 273-302.
- Yang, Y., & Kim, J. (2015). Relationship between children's self-esteem, sense of community, and multicultural receptivity. Journal of Youth Welfare, 17 (4), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.19034/KAYW.2015.17.4.14
- Yang, J. W., Kim, J. H., & Oh, K. J. (2006). Selective attentional bias for negative emotional faces in social anxiety: comparison of three age groups. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 237-255.
- Yoon, C. (2011). Adolescent activity participations and the civic mind of adolescents: Focusing on Kwangmyeong city adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungang University, Seoul, Korea.