Figure 1. Load-Elongation Graphs of the Three Woven Specimens
Figure 2. Processes of Image Analyses for Surface Roughness Parameters
Figure 3. Changes in Electrical Resistivity of the Horizontal PK15 and the Vertical PWt15 Pattern during the Tensile Test
Figure 4. Microscopic Images (x16) of (a) the Original PK15, (b) the Elongated PK15 in the Course Direction, (c)the Original PWt15, and (d) the Elongated PWt15 in the Warp Direction
Figure 5. Lateral Microscopic Images of (a) the PKint5, (b) the PK15, and (c) the PWt15
Figure 6. Changes in Electrical Resistance of the PKint5
Figure 7. Gaps of the PKint5 between Its Each Loop and Silver Paste (a) before the Tensile Test,(b) after Elongated in Wale Direction, and (c) after Elongated in Course Direction
Figure 8. Comparisons of Electrical Resistance between PET/PU 85/15 Groups (Left) and N/PU 84/16 Woven and 85/15 Knitted Fabrics (Right) during the Tensile Test up to 3 mm Extension
Figure 9. Comparisons of Relative Changes in Electrical Resistance between PET/PU 85/15 Groups (Left) and N/PU 84/16 Woven and 85/15 Knitted Fabrics (Right) during the Tensile Test up to 3 mm Extension
Figure 10. Relative Changes in Electrical Resistance of the PET/PU Groups during the Elongation-Strain
Figure 11. Relative Changes in Electrical Resistance of the N/PU Groups during the Elongation-Strain
Table 1. Characteristics of Specimens
Table 2. Elastic Recovery of the Three Woven Specimens
Table 3. Electrical Resistivity and Resistance of Each Directional Pattern of Silver Paste Before, During, and After the Tensile Tests
Table 4. Averages of the Surface Roughness Lengths and Parameters
Table 5. Lengths and Widths of the Knit Loops and Gaps
Table 6. Differences in the Changes in Electrical Resistance between the PET/PU Groups and the N/PU Groups at 40, 94, 121, 175, 262 Seconds
References
- Akerfeldt, M., Lund, A., & Walkenstrom, P. (2015). Textile sensing glove with piezoelectric PVDF fibers and printed electrodes of PEDOT: PSS. Textile Research Journal, 85(17), 1789-1799. doi: 10.1177/0040517515578333
- Cho, G., Jeong, K., Paik, M., Kwun, Y., & Sung, M. (2011). Performance evaluation of textile-based electrodes and motion sensors for smart clothing. IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(12), 3183-3193. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2011.2167508
- Gavriljuk, V. G. (2007). Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in steel: Similarities and differences in their effect on structure and properties. Materials Science Forum, 539, 58-65. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.539-543.58
- Guo, L., Berglin, L., & Mattila, H. (2012). Improvement of electro-mechanical properties of strain sensors made of elastic-conductive hybrid yarns. Textile Research Journal, 82(19), 1937-1947. doi: 10.1177/0040517512452931
- Honarvar, M. G., & Latifi, M. (2017). Overview of wearable ectronics and smart textiles. The Journal of the Textile Institute, 108(4), 631-652. doi:10.1080/00405000.2016.1177870
- Hu, J., Zhou, S., Shi, J., Zhang, H., Zhu, F., & Yang, X. (2017). Determinants of electrical resistance change of in situ PPy-polymerized stretch plain woven fabric under uniaxial tensile strain. The Journal of the Textile Institute, 108(9), 1545-1551. doi:10.1080/00405000.2016.1261603
- Kang, K., Kim, Y., Son, Y. (2010). Preparation and characterization of stretch fabric : shrinkage and elasticity properties, Textile Coloration and Finishing, 22(2). 173-179. doi: 10.5764/TCF.2010.22.2.173
- Lee, J., Kim, S., Lee, J., Yang, D., Park, B., Ryu, S., & Park, I. (2014). A stretchable strain sensor based on a metal nanoparticle thin film for human motion detection. Nanoscale, 6(20), 11932-11939. doi: 10.1039/C4NR03295K
- Lee, H., Chou, K., & Shih, Z. (2005). Effect of nano-sized silver particles on the resistivity of polymeric conductive adhesives. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 25(5), 437-441. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.11.008
- Matsuhisa, N., Kaltenbrunner, M., Yokota, T., Jinno, H., Kuribara, K., Sekitani, T., & Someya, T. (2015). Printable elastic conductors with a high conductivity for electronic textile applications. Nature Communications, 6(7461), 1-11. doi:10.1038/ncomms8461.
- Mattmann, C., Clemens, F., & Troster, G. (2008). Sensor for measuring strain in textile. Sensors, 8(6), 3719-3732. doi: 10.3390/s8063719
- Montazer, M., & Nia, Z. K. (2015). Conductive nylon fabric through in situ synthesis of nano-silver: Preparation and characterization. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 56, 341-347. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.044
- Roh, J. (2016). Wearable textile strain sensors. Journal of Korean Fashion and Textiles Research. 18(6), 1229-2060. doi: 10.5805/SFTI.2016.18.6.733
- Schrieffer, J. R. (2018). Theory of superconductivity. Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9780429495700
- Seyedin, S., Moradi, S., Singh, C., & Razal, J. M. (2018). Continuous production of stretchable conductive multifilaments in kilometer scale enables facile knitting of wearable strain sensing textiles. Applied Materials Today, 11, 255-263. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2018.02.012
- Shyr, T. W., Shie, J. W., & Jhuang, Y. E. (2011). The effect of tensile hysteresis and contact resistance on the performance of strain-resistant elastic-conductive webbing. Sensors, 11(2), 1693-1705. doi: 10.3390/s110201693
- Song, K., Yoo, H., Lee, H., Kim, J., Lee, J., Ahn, C., Han, Y. (2005). Textiles. Seoul: Hyung-Sul.
- Stoppa, M., & Chiolerio, A. (2014). Wearable electronics and smart textiles: a critical review. Sensors, 14(7), 11957-11992 doi: 10.3390/s140711957
- Takamatsu, S., Lonjaret, T., Crisp, D., Badier, J. M., Malliaras, G. G., & Ismailova, E. (2015). Direct patterning of organic conductors on knitted textiles for long-term electrocardiography. Scientific reports, 5, 15003. doi: 10.1038/srep15003
- Tong, L., Lijing, W., Xungai, W., & Akif, K. (2005). Polymerising pyrrole on polyester textiles and controlling the conductivity through coating thickness. Thin Solid Film, 479, 777-782. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.146
- Xie, J., & Long, H. (2014). Equivalent resistance calculation of knitting sensor under strip biaxial elongation. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 220, 118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2014.09.028
- Xue, P., Tao, X. M., & Tsang, H. Y. (2007). In situ SEM studies on strain sensing mechanisms of PPy-coated electrically conducting fabrics. Applied surface science, 253(7), 3387-3392. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.07.003
- Zhang, H. (2015) Flexible textile-based strain sensor induced by contacts. Measurement Science and Technology, 26, 105102. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/26/10/105102
- Zhang, L., Fairbanks, M., & Andrew, T. L. (2017). Rugged textile electrodes for wearable devices obtained by vapor coating off-the-shelf, plain-woven fabrics. Advanced Functional Materials, 27(24), 1700415. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201700415