DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The use of autologous fat grafts in breast surgery: A literature review

  • Bayram, Yalcin (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Amerikan Estetik Clinic) ;
  • Sezgic, Melihcan (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital) ;
  • Karakol, Percin (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital) ;
  • Bozkurt, Mehmet (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital) ;
  • Filinte, Gaye Taylan (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kartal Training and Research Hospital)
  • Received : 2019.03.11
  • Accepted : 2019.11.08
  • Published : 2019.11.15

Abstract

Autologous fat injection was first described roughly a century ago and has been used in surgery ever since. In addition to its use in many surgical fields, it is also frequently used for both aesthetic and reconstructive purposes in breast surgery. Since the application of fat grafting in breast surgery has steadily increased, studies investigating its reliability have simultaneously become increasingly common. Previous studies have reported that the use of fat grafting in breast surgery is reliable, but some pending questions remain about its routine use. In order to use fat grafts successfully in breast surgery, it is necessary to be familiar with the structure and content of adipose tissue, the efficacy of adipose stem cell-enriched fat grafts, the oncological safety of fat grafts, and the problems that may occur in the radiological follow-up of patients who undergo fat grafting procedures. In this literature review, we aim to discuss the use of fat grafts in breast surgery by investigating these common problems.

Keywords

References

  1. Neuber F. Fettransplantation. Chir Kongr Verhandl Dsch Gesellch Chir 1893;22:66.
  2. Chan CW, McCulley SJ, Macmillan RD. Autologous fat transfer: a review of the literature with a focus on breast cancer surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61: 1438-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2008.08.006
  3. Trojahn Kolle SF, Oliveri RS, Glovinski PV, et al. Importance of mesenchymal stem cells in autologous fat grafting: a systematic review of existing studies. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2012;46:59-68. https://doi.org/10.3109/2000656X.2012.668326
  4. Carpaneda CA, Ribeiro MT. Percentage of graft viability versus injected volume in adipose autotransplants. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1994;18:17-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00444242
  5. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:7-34. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21551
  6. Czerny A. Plastischer Ersatz der Brustdruse durch ein Lipoma. Chir Kongr Verhandl 1895;216:2.
  7. Report on autologous fat transplantation. ASPRS Ad-Hoc Committee on New Procedures, September 30, 1987. Plast Surg Nurs 1987;7:140-1. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006527-198700740-00027
  8. Khouri RK, Eisenmann-Klein M, Cardoso E, et al. Brava and autologous fat transfer is a safe and effective breast augmentation alternative: results of a 6-year, 81-patient, prospective multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129:1173-87. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31824a2db6
  9. Gutowski KA; ASPS Fat Graft Task Force. Current applications and safety of autologous fat grafts: a report of the ASPS fat graft task force. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124: 272-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181a09506
  10. Rubin JP, Coon D, Zuley M, et al. Mammographic changes after fat transfer to the breast compared with changes after breast reduction: a blinded study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129:1029-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31824a2a8e
  11. Bernard RW, Beran SJ. Autologous fat graft in nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;112:964-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000076245.12249.BE
  12. Chajchir A, Benzaquen I. Liposuction fat grafts in face wrinkles and hemifacial atrophy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1986;10:115-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575279
  13. Wang G, Ren Y, Cao W, et al. Liposculpture and fat grafting for aesthetic correction of the gluteal concave deformity associated with multiple intragluteal injection of penicillin in childhood. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2013;37:39-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-012-9997-8
  14. Rusciani Scorza A, Rusciani Scorza L, Troccola A, et al. Autologous fat transfer for face rejuvenation with tumescent technique fat harvesting and saline washing: a report of 215 cases. Dermatology 2012;224:244-50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000338574
  15. Yoshimura K, Sato K, Aoi N, et al. Cell-assisted lipotransfer for cosmetic breast augmentation: supportive use of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008; 32:48-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-007-9019-4
  16. Zheng DN, Li QF, Lei H, et al. Autologous fat grafting to the breast for cosmetic enhancement: experience in 66 patients with long-term follow up. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61:792-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.08.036
  17. Coleman SR, Saboeiro AP. Fat grafting to the breast revisited: safety and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;119:775-85. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000252001.59162.c9
  18. Zocchi ML, Zuliani F. Bicompartmental breast lipostructuring. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008;32:313-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-007-9089-3
  19. Mu DL, Luan J, Mu L, et al. Breast augmentation by autologous fat injection grafting: management and clinical analysis of complications. Ann Plast Surg 2009;63:124-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e318189a98a
  20. Del Vecchio DA, Bucky LP. Breast augmentation using preexpansion and autologous fat transplantation: a clinical radiographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127:2441-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182050a64
  21. Kamakura T, Ito K. Autologous cell-enriched fat grafting for breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011;35:1022-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9727-7
  22. Serra-Renom JM, Munoz-Olmo J, Serra-Mestre JM. Endoscopically assisted aesthetic augmentation of tuberous breasts and fat grafting to correct the double bubble. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012;36:1114-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-012-9921-2
  23. Pinsolle V, Chichery A, Grolleau JL, et al. Autologous fat injection in Poland's syndrome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61:784-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.11.033
  24. Salgarello M, Visconti G, Barone-Adesi L. Fat grafting and breast reconstruction with implant: another option for irradiated breast cancer patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129:317-29. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31822b6619
  25. Spear SL, Wilson HB, Lockwood MD. Fat injection to correct contour deformities in the reconstructed breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:1300-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000181509.67319.cf
  26. Missana MC, Laurent I, Barreau L, et al. Autologous fat transfer in reconstructive breast surgery: indications, technique and results. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007;33:685-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2006.12.002
  27. Sarfati I, Ihrai T, Duvernay A, et al. Autologous fat grafting to the postmastectomy irradiated chest wall prior to breast implant reconstruction: a series of 68 patients. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2013;58:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anplas.2012.10.007
  28. Chajchir A. Fat injection: long-term follow-up. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1996;20:291-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00228458
  29. Niechajev I, Sevcuk O. Long-term results of fat transplantation: clinical and histologic studies. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;94:496-506. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199409000-00012
  30. Lewis CM. The current status of autologous fat grafting. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1993;17:109-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02274730
  31. Choi M, Small K, Levovitz C, et al. The volumetric analysis of fat graft survival in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131:185-91.
  32. Rigotti G. Discussion: the volumetric analysis of fat graft survival in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:192-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31827a295c
  33. Rosing JH, Wong G, Wong MS, et al. Autologous fat grafting for primary breast augmentation: a systematic review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011;35:882-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9691-2
  34. Gentile P, Di Pasquali C, Bocchini I, et al. Breast reconstruction with autologous fat graft mixed with platelet-rich plasma. Surg Innov 2013;20:370-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1553350612458544
  35. Locke MB, de Chalain TM. Current practice in autologous fat transplantation: suggested clinical guidelines based on a review of recent literature. Ann Plast Surg 2008;60:98-102. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e318038f74c
  36. Manabe Y, Toda S, Miyazaki K, et al. Mature adipocytes, but not preadipocytes, promote the growth of breast carcinoma cells in collagen gel matrix culture through cancer-stromal cell interactions. J Pathol 2003;201:221-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1430
  37. Yu JM, Jun ES, Bae YC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissues favor tumor cell growth in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2008;17:463-73. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2007.0181
  38. Sasano H, Ozaki M. Aromatase expression and its localization in human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;61:293-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(97)80026-X
  39. Wang YY, Lehuede C, Laurent V, et al. Adipose tissue and breast epithelial cells: a dangerous dynamic duo in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2012;324:142-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.019
  40. Pearl RA, Leedham SJ, Pacifico MD. The safety of autologous fat transfer in breast cancer: lessons from stem cell biology. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012;65:283-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2011.07.017
  41. Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007;14:189-206. https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-06-0068
  42. Park J, Euhus DM, Scherer PE. Paracrine and endocrine effects of adipose tissue on cancer development and progression. Endocr Rev 2011;32:550-70. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2010-0030
  43. Iyengar P, Combs TP, Shah SJ, et al. Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumorigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilization. Oncogene 2003; 22:6408-23. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206737
  44. Walter M, Liang S, Ghosh S, et al. Interleukin 6 secreted from adipose stromal cells promotes migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2009;28:2745-55. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.130
  45. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, et al. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11: 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2921
  46. Hovey RC, McFadden TB, Akers RM. Regulation of mammary gland growth and morphogenesis by the mammary fat pad: a species comparison. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999;4:53-68. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018704603426
  47. Place AE, Jin Huh S, Polyak K. The microenvironment in breast cancer progression: biology and implications for treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2011;13:227. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2912
  48. Bochet L, Meulle A, Imbert S, et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes promotes breast tumor radioresistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011;411:102-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.101
  49. Martin-Padura I, Gregato G, Marighetti P, et al. The white adipose tissue used in lipotransfer procedures is a rich reservoir of CD34+ progenitors able to promote cancer progression. Cancer Res 2012;72:325-34. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1739
  50. Rahimi N, Saulnier R, Nakamura T, et al. Role of hepatocyte growth factor in breast cancer: a novel mitogenic factor secreted by adipocytes. DNA Cell Biol 1994;13:1189-97. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.1994.13.1189
  51. Kamat P, Schweizer R, Kaenel P, et al. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells may promote breast cancer progression and metastatic spread. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;136:76-84.
  52. Molto-Garcia R, Gonzalez-Alonso V, Villaverde-Domenech ME, et al. Effect of human fat graft on breast cancer metastasis in a murine model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139: 1119-28. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003274
  53. Tsuji W, Valentin JE, Marra KG, et al. An animal model of local breast cancer recurrence in the setting of autologous fat grafting for breast reconstruction. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018;7:125-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/sctm.17-0062
  54. Orbay H, Hinchcliff KM, Charvet HJ, et al. Fat graft safety after oncologic surgery: addressing the contradiction between in vitro and clinical studies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;142:1489-99. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004992
  55. Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell 2012;150:366-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016
  56. Lafontan M. Historical perspectives in fat cell biology: the fat cell as a model for the investigation of hormonal and metabolic pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012;302: C327-59. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00168.2011
  57. Shapiro B, Wertheimer E. The synthesis of fatty acids in adipose tissue in vitro. J Biol Chem 1948;173:725-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57443-3
  58. Lindroos B, Suuronen R, Miettinen S. The potential of adipose stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011;7:269-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-010-9193-7
  59. Schaffler A, Scholmerich J, Buechler C. Mechanisms of disease: adipokines and breast cancer - endocrine and paracrine mechanisms that connect adiposity and breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007;3:345-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0456
  60. Pierobon M, Frankenfeld CL. Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013;137:307-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2339-3
  61. Ligibel J. Obesity and breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2011;25:994-1000.
  62. Gu JW, Young E, Patterson SG, et al. Postmenopausal obesity promotes tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer progression in mice. Cancer Biol Ther 2011;11:910-7. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.11.10.15473
  63. Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:e457-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4
  64. Matthews SB, Thompson HJ. The obesity-breast cancer conundrum: an analysis of the issues. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060989
  65. Yang H, Youm YH, Vandanmagsar B, et al. Obesity increases the production of proinflammatory mediators from adipose tissue T cells and compromises TCR repertoire diversity: implications for systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. J Immunol 2010;185:1836-45. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1000021
  66. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2005;33(Pt 5):1078-81. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0331078
  67. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;257:79-83. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0255
  68. Ohashi K, Parker JL, Ouchi N, et al. Adiponectin promotes macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. J Biol Chem 2010;285:6153-60. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.088708
  69. Guo J, Widgerow AD, Banyard D, et al. Strategic sequences in fat graft survival. Ann Plast Surg 2015;74:376-82. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000416
  70. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 2001;7:211-28. https://doi.org/10.1089/107632701300062859
  71. Moseley TA, Zhu M, Hedrick MH. Adipose-derived stem and progenitor cells as fillers in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118(3 Suppl):121S-8S. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000234609.74811.2e
  72. Strem BM, Hicok KC, Zhu M, et al. Multipotential differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Keio J Med 2005;54:132-41. https://doi.org/10.2302/kjm.54.132
  73. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2002;13: 4279-95. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0105
  74. Seo MJ, Suh SY, Bae YC, et al. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;328:258-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.158
  75. Fraser JK, Schreiber RE, Zuk PA, et al. Adult stem cell therapy for the heart. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:658-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2003.10.018
  76. Jack GS, Almeida FG, Zhang R, et al. Processed lipoaspirate cells for tissue engineering of the lower urinary tract: implications for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and bladder reconstruction. J Urol 2005;174:2041-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000176489.96993.84
  77. Case J, Horvath TL, Howell JC, et al. Clonal multilineage differentiation of murine common pluripotent stem cells isolated from skeletal muscle and adipose stromal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1044:183-200. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1349.024
  78. Casteilla L, Planat-Benard V, Cousin B, et al. Plasticity of adipose tissue: a promising therapeutic avenue in the treatment of cardiovascular and blood diseases? Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005;98:922-6.
  79. Fortier LA. Stem cells: classifications, controversies, and clinical applications. Vet Surg 2005;34:415-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00063.x
  80. Vacanti V, Kong E, Suzuki G, et al. Phenotypic changes of adult porcine mesenchymal stem cells induced by prolonged passaging in culture. J Cell Physiol 2005;205:194-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.20376
  81. Aust L, Devlin B, Foster SJ, et al. Yield of human adipose-derived adult stem cells from liposuction aspirates. Cytotherapy 2004;6:7-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240310004539
  82. Guilak F. Functional tissue engineering: the role of biomechanics in reparative medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 961:193-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb03080.x
  83. Sundelacruz S, Kaplan DL. Stem cell- and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches to osteochondral regenerative medicine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009;20:646-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.017
  84. Waked K, Colle J, Doornaert M, et al. Systematic review: the oncological safety of adipose fat transfer after breast cancer surgery. Breast 2017;31:128-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2016.11.001
  85. Petit JY, Botteri E, Lohsiriwat V, et al. Locoregional recurrence risk after lipofilling in breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2012;23:582-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr158
  86. Delay E, Garson S, Tousson G, et al. Fat injection to the breast: technique, results, and indications based on 880 procedures over 10 years. Aesthet Surg J 2009;29:360-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2009.08.010
  87. Illouz YG, Sterodimas A. Autologous fat transplantation to the breast: a personal technique with 25 years of experience. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009;33:706-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-009-9377-1
  88. Claro F Jr, Figueiredo JC, Zampar AG, et al. Applicability and safety of autologous fat for reconstruction of the breast. Br J Surg 2012;99:768-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.8722
  89. Seth AK, Hirsch EM, Kim JY, et al. Long-term outcomes following fat grafting in prosthetic breast reconstruction: a comparative analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130:984-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318267d34d
  90. Petit JY, Lohsiriwat V, Clough KB, et al. The oncologic outcome and immediate surgical complications of lipofilling in breast cancer patients: a multicenter study: Milan-Paris-Lyon experience of 646 lipofilling procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:341-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31821e713c
  91. Petit JY, Rietjens M, Botteri E, et al. Evaluation of fat grafting safety in patients with intraepithelial neoplasia: a matched-cohort study. Ann Oncol 2013;24:1479-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds660
  92. Regolo L, Galli L, Petrolo G, et al. Short commentaries on data published by Petit et al. on locoregional risk after lipofilling in breast cancer patients. Breast 2013;22:96-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2012.09.011
  93. Gale KL, Rakha EA, Ball G, et al. A case-controlled study of the oncologic safety of fat grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;135:1263-75. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001151
  94. Petit JY, Maisonneuve P, Rotmensz N, et al. Fat grafting after invasive breast cancer: a matched case-control study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139:1292-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003339
  95. Myckatyn TM, Wagner IJ, Mehrara BJ, et al. Cancer risk after fat transfer: a multicenter case-cohort study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002838
  96. Silva-Vergara C, Fontdevila J, Weshahy O, et al. Breast cancer recurrence is not increased with lipofilling reconstruction: a case-controlled study. Ann Plast Surg 2017;79:243-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001106
  97. Kronowitz SJ, Mandujano CC, Liu J, et al. Lipofilling of the breast does not increase the risk of recurrence of breast cancer: a matched controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137:385-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000475741.32563.50
  98. Rigotti G, Marchi A, Stringhini P, et al. Determining the oncological risk of autologous lipoaspirate grafting for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010;34:475-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-010-9481-2
  99. Rietjens M, De Lorenzi F, Rossetto F, et al. Safety of fat grafting in secondary breast reconstruction after cancer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011;64:477-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2010.06.024
  100. Wang X, Simpson ER, Brown KA. Aromatase overexpression in dysfunctional adipose tissue links obesity to postmenopausal breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.008
  101. Sasaki Y, Miki Y, Hirakawa H, et al. Immunolocalization of estrogen-producing and metabolizing enzymes in benign breast disease: comparison with normal breast and breast carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010;101:2286-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01673.x
  102. Ghosh S, Dean A, Walter M, et al. Cell density-dependent transcriptional activation of endocrine-related genes in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2087-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.015
  103. Caplan AI, Correa D. The MSC: an injury drugstore. Cell Stem Cell 2011;9:11-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.008
  104. Smalley M, Ashworth A. Stem cells and breast cancer: a field in transit. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:832-44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1212
  105. Sun B, Roh KH, Park JR, et al. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Cytotherapy 2009;11:289-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240902807026
  106. Senst C, Nazari-Shafti T, Kruger S, et al. Prospective dual role of mesenchymal stem cells in breast tumor microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013;137:69-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2321-0
  107. Brown FE, Sargent SK, Cohen SR, et al. Mammographic changes following reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;80:691-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198711000-00006
  108. Isaacs G, Rozner L, Tudball C. Breast lumps after reduction mammaplasty. Ann Plast Surg 1985;15:394-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198511000-00005
  109. Miller CL, Feig SA, Fox JW. Mammographic changes after reduction mammoplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149: 35-8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.149.1.35
  110. Sickles EA, Herzog KA. Mammography of the postsurgical breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981;136:585-8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.136.3.585
  111. Redfern AB, Ryan JJ, Su TC. Calcification of the fibrous capsule about mammary implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;59:249-51. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197759020-00012
  112. Benjamin JL, Guy CL. Calcification of implant capsules following augmentation mammaplasty: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;59:432-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197703000-00028
  113. Koide T, Katayama H. Calcification in augmentation mammoplasty. Radiology 1979;130:337-40. https://doi.org/10.1148/130.2.337
  114. Costantini M, Cipriani A, Belli P, et al. Radiological findings in mammary autologous fat injections: a multi-technique evaluation. Clin Radiol 2013;68:27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2012.05.009
  115. Parikh RP, Doren EL, Mooney B, et al. Differentiating fat necrosis from recurrent malignancy in fat-grafted breasts: an imaging classification system to guide management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130:761-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318262f03b
  116. Veber M, Tourasse C, Toussoun G, et al. Radiographic findings after breast augmentation by autologous fat transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127:1289-99. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318205f38f
  117. Pinell-White XA, Etra J, Newell M, et al. Radiographic implications of fat grafting to the reconstructed breast. Breast J 2015;21:520-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12450
  118. Juhl AA, Redsted S, Engberg Damsgaard T. Autologous fat grafting after breast conserving surgery: breast imaging changes and patient-reported outcome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018;71:1570-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2018.08.012
  119. Chen SC, Cheung YC, Su CH, et al. Analysis of sonographic features for the differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors of different sizes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004;23:188-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.930
  120. Pulagam SR, Poulton T, Mamounas EP. Long-term clinical and radiologic results with autologous fat transplantation for breast augmentation: case reports and review of the literature. Breast J 2006;12:63-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006.00188.x

Cited by

  1. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in breast reconstruction: a brief review on biology and translation vol.12, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01955-6
  2. Scarless Composite Breast Reconstruction Utilizing an Advancement Skin Flap, Loops, and Lipofilling vol.42, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab049