Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of Korean Red Ginseng on full-thickness skin wound healing in rats

  • Park, Ki-Soo (Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University) ;
  • Park, Dae-Hwan (Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University)
  • Received : 2017.02.04
  • Accepted : 2017.12.07
  • Published : 2019.04.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Panax ginseng is regarded as one of the best compounds for promoting health, and it has been used traditionally as a medicinal herb. Recently, Korean Red Ginseng (RG) has been shown to protect skin from aging and wrinkling; it can also relieve atopic dermatitis and allergy symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate RG's effects on the regeneration of the full-thickness skin wounds in rat. Methods: Full-thickness skin wounds were generated in rats, and then RG was administered either orally or topically. The wound-healing effects of RG were investigated by assessing wound size, mRNA expression patterns of genes related to wound healing, histological staining, and measurements of lipid, moisture, and elasticity in skin tissues. Results: The wound size was smaller, and tissue regeneration rate was faster in the RG-treated group than that in the control group on days 15 and 20 after initiating treatment. On postoperative day 20, skin lipid and moisture content had increased significantly in the RG-treated group. Significant increases in the gene expression levels of transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ and vascular endothelial growth factor were found in the RG group during the early stages of wound healing. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 showed significant increases in gene expression levels on day 20. Conclusion: The results suggested that RG may promote healing of full-thickness skin wounds in rats. They also provided basic insights into the effects of RG on skin regeneration, supporting its use as a dressing material for wound treatment and its development as a functional food.

Keywords

References

  1. Yamamoto M. Current status ginseng research in Japan. In: Ha H, Yamamoto M, Joo CN, Kuo SC, editors. Life Medical Research Institute. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ginseng Research. Taichung: China Medical College; 1988. p. 12-26.
  2. Morisaki N, Watanabe S, Tezuka M, Zenibayashi M, Shiina R, Koyama N, Kanzaki T, Saito Y. Mechanism of angiogenic effects of saponin from ginseng radix rubra in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1995;115:1188-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15023.x
  3. Bae SH, Lee HS, Kim MR, Kim SY, Kim JM, Suh HJ. Changes of ginsenoside content by mushroom mycelial fermentation in red ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:235-42. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.235
  4. Kim YS, Cho IH, Jeong MJ, Jeong SJ, Nah SY, Cho YS, Kim SH, Go A, Kim SE, Kang SS, et al. Therapeutic effect of total ginseng saponin on skin wound healing. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:360-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.360
  5. Stephens P, Thomas DW. The cellular proliferative phase of the wound repair process. J Wound Care 2002;11:253-61. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2002.11.7.26421
  6. Werner S, Krieg T, Smola H. Keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:998-1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700786
  7. Mansbridge JN, Liu K, Pinney RE, Patch R, Ratcliffe A, Naughton GK. Growth factors secreted by fibroblasts: role in healing diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999;1(5):265-79. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-1326.1999.00032.x
  8. Krishnaswamy VR, Mintz D, Sagi I. Matrix metalloproteinases: the sculptors of chronic cutaneous wounds. Biochim Biophys Acta 2017. S0167-4889(17)30208-30212.
  9. Page-McCaw A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8:221-33. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2125
  10. Clark RA. Biology of dermal wound repair. Dermatol Clin 1993;11:647-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30218-3
  11. Toriseva M, Kahari V. Proteinases in cutaneous wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009;66:203-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-8388-4
  12. Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM. Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:514-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700701
  13. Kim HY, Nam WS, Kim SH, Jang HR, Lee MK, Kim TW, Lee SK. Modulatory effects of Korean Red ginseng extract (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on cytochrome P450 after oral administration to mice for 14 days. J Life Sci 2012;22(8):991-8. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2012.22.8.991
  14. Pham QL, Jang HJ, Kim KB. Anti-wrinkle effect of fermented black ginseng on human fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2017;39(3):681-6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2858
  15. Song KC, Chang TS, Lee H, Kim J, Park JH, Hwang GS. Processed Panax ginseng, sun ginseng increases type I collagen by regulating MMP-1 and TIMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:61-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.61
  16. Kim K, Kim HY. Korean Red ginseng stimulates insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;120:190-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.006
  17. Vuksan V, Sung M, Sievenpiper JL, Stavro PM, Jenkins AL, Di Buono M, Lee K, Leiter LA, Nam KY, Arnason JT. Korean Red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.04.003
  18. Lee HJ, Kim JS, Song MS, Seo HS, Moon C, Kim JC, Jo SK, Jang JS, Kim SH. Photoprotective effect of red ginseng against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Phytother Res 2009;23:399-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2640
  19. Kim YG, Sumiyoshi M, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. Effects of ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng on ultraviolet B-induced skin aging in hairless mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009;602:148-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.021
  20. Kanzaki T, Morisaki N, Shiina R, Saito Y. Role of transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ pathway in the mechanism of wound healing by saponin from ginseng radix rubra. Br J Pharmacol 1998;125:255-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702052
  21. Roberts AB, Heine UI, Flanders KC, Sporn MB. Transforming growth factor-${\beta}$. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;580:225-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17931.x
  22. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using realtime quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method. Methods 2001;25(4):402-8. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  23. Schaffer G. The effect of Vaseline on wound healing. Acta Derm Venereol 1948;28(1):27-34.
  24. Bates DO, Harper SJ. Regulation of vascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors. Vascul Pharmacol 2002;39:225-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-1891(03)00011-9
  25. Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RA. Angiogenesis in wound healing. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2000;5:40-6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1087-0024.2000.00014.x
  26. Lu Y, Jingwei X, Na X, Zhanyou W. Panax notoginseng saponins promote wound repair of anterior cruciate ligament through phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and ERK. Int J Chin Exp Pathol 2015;8(1):441-9.
  27. Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Kawahira K, Sakanaka M. Effects of ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng roots on burn wound healing in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148:860-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706794
  28. Van Lint P, Libert C. Chemokine and cytokine processing by matrix metalloproteinases and its effect on leukocyte migration and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2007;82:1375-81. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0607338
  29. McCawley LJ, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases: they're not just for matrix anymore! Curr Opin Cell Biol 2001;13:534-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00248-9
  30. Cho S, Won CH, Lee DH, Lee MJ, Lee S, So SH, Lee SK, Koo BS, Kim NM, Chung JH. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Med Food 2009;12:1252-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1390
  31. Kang TH, Park HM, Kim YB, Kim H, Kim N, Do JH, Kang C, Cho Y, Kim SY. Effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;123:446-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.022
  32. David GA, Edward BJ. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in wound healing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2002;92:12-8. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-92-1-12
  33. Lun FMF, Jin YY, Sun H, Leung TY, Lau TK, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD. Primer sequence disclosure: a clarification of the MIQE guidelines. Clin Chem 2011;57:6.

Cited by

  1. Effects of Red and Fermented Ginseng and Ginsenosides on Allergic Disorders vol.10, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10040634
  2. Exploration of the role of a lithophytic fern, Pteris vittata L. in wound tissue regeneration and remodelling of genes in hyperglycaemic rat model vol.6, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00223-7
  3. The chemistry of East and West to provide a better solution vol.29, pp.suppl12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2020.29.sup12.s5
  4. Korean Red Ginseng attenuates ultraviolet-mediated inflammasome activation in keratinocytes vol.45, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.002
  5. The Effect of the Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) on the Density of Collagen Incision Wounds vol.1899, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012071
  6. Assessing the mechanisms of action of natural molecules/extracts for phase-directed wound healing in hydrogel scaffolds vol.12, pp.9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1md00100k
  7. Does Rectal Application of Red-Ginseng have an Effect on Colorectal Anastomosis Healing? An Experimental Study vol.6, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.25000/acem.983110