Fig 1. Competition of ammonia production with other reduction and hydrogen evolution reaction(Ref.17,18)
Fig 3. The free energy diagrams of NRR on (a) Mo2N (100) and (b) MoO2 (100) surfaces (c) The structures of key intermediates on Mo2N (d) The geometries of adsorbed N2 (*N2) and the N2 reduced by one (H++e-) pair (*NNH) on MoO2. An asterisk (*) denotes a surface site. Color code: Mo, cyan; H, white; O, red; N, blue or purple for highlight(Ref.22)
Fig 2. (a) Possible pathways for the NRR to form ammonia (NH3)(Ref.20) (b-c) Free-energy diagrams for the NRR on the single Mo atom embedded into the MoS2 nanosheet at zero and applied potential (limiting or onset potential) through (b) distal and (c) alternating mechanisms (d) The volcanoes of the HER and NRR limiting (or onset) potentials as a function of the N2H* species adsorption energy(Ref.21)
Fig 4. (a) Schematic illustration for the electrochemical NRR by catalysts of a-Au/CeOx–RGO and c-Au/RGO under ambient conditions (b) Yield of NH3 (red) and Faradaic efficiency (blue) at each given potential(Ref.25) (c) Schematic of electrochemical cell for NRR using hollow gold nanocages. (d) Ammonia yield rate and faradaic efficiency at various potentials in 0.5M LiClO4 at 20°C (e) Geometric models of an Au THH NR and exposed 24{730} facet. The {730} facet is composed of (210) and (310) sub-facets on Au NRs (f) Free energy diagram and alternating hydriding pathway for NRR on Au (210) and Au (310) at equilibrium potential (Ref.26)
Fig 5. (a) Schematic of electrochemical synthesis of NH3 in an anion-exchange-membrane-based electrolyzer (b) NH3 formation reaction rate (left y-axis) and faradaic efficiency(right y-axis)(Ref.28) (c) Schematic view of the electrocatalytic flow reactor for ammonia synthesis using CNTs (d) Faradaic efficiency values of ammonia formation and H2 evolution under different applied voltages(Ref.29) (e) A schematic representation of ethylenediamine (EDA)-based ammonia synthesis (f) Cumulative NH3 production during the potentiostatic electrolysis with the supply of Ar or N2 at a cell voltage of 1.8V(Ref.30)
Fig 6. (a) Schematic reaction cell for the NRR. (b) Average NH3 yields and faradaic efficiencies of VN/CC at different potentials.(Ref.31) (c) Schematic diagram for electrocatalytic NRR. (d) NH3 yields and Fes at each given potential.(Ref.22) (e) Proposed reaction pathway for nitrogen reduction on the surface of VN0.7O0.45 via a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism and the catalyst deactivation mechanism(Ref.32)
Fig 7. (a) Schematic illustration of NRR using N-doped porous carbon(NPC) (b) Ammonia production rates and current efficiency of NPC-750 during 10 consecutive cycles at -0.9V(Ref.33) (c) Illustration of the fabrication of BVC‐A and BVC‐C NRR electrocatalysts. (d) Yield of NH3 (blue–green) and Faradaic efficiency (red) at each given potential (e) yield of NH3 with different catalysts at -0.2 V versus RHE.(Ref.34)
Fig 8. (a) Schematic diagram of the cell. (b) Yield of ammonia over 24h obtained on different substrates: (i) Ptype silicon, (ii) bSi, (iii) GNP/bSi, (iv) GNP/bSi/Cr and (v) Au/Si/Cr after illumination with two suns and (vi) GNP/bSi/Cr in dark(Ref.58) (c) Proposed Photocatalytic Cycle for N2 Fixation on the Rutile TiO2 (110) Surface (d) Change in the amount of NH3 formed and the SCC efficiency under simulated AM1.5G sunlight irradiation (1-sun)(Ref.59)
Fig 9. (a) Scheme of BiOBr nanosheet for nitrogen reduction photocatalyst (b) Schematic illustration of the photocatalytic N2 fixation model in which water serves as both the solvent and proton source. (c) Quantitative determination of the generated NH3 under visible light (λ > 420 nm) (Ref. 61)
Fig 10. (a) schematic of g-C3N4 and V-g-C3N4 (b) The concentration of generated NH4+ in different systems (c) photocatalytic N2 fixation rate of g-C3N4 and V-g-C3N4 (Ref.62)
Table 1. The list of catalyst of nitrogen reduction reaction at ambient condition
Table 1. Continued.
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