Fig. 1. Orientation of a fracture element
Fig. 2. (a) Flow channeling on surfaces of natural fractures and (b) concept of equivalent flow channeling adapted in this study
Fig. 5. Comparison with numerical and analytical discharges at outlet (First case)
Fig. 6. (a) Second case with four single fracture elements and (b) calculated hydraulic head distributions for aperture of 2.0 mm
Fig. 9. Discrete fracture networks generated with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 10. Variation of fracture length distribution with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 11. Connectivity between fracture elements with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 12. Number of fracture elements available to flow with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 13. Head distributions calculated with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 14. Flow rate distributions calculated at each fracture element with power law exponent, βl(The flow rate is represented by the log exponent and values less than –10 are replaced by –10)
Fig. 15. Mean and maximal flow rates at each fracture element and number of –10 or less than -10 with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 16. Flow rates at outlet boundary with power law exponent, βl
Fig. 3. Rectangular cross-sectional area between two intersected fracture elements
Fig. 4. (a) First case of verification with one single fracture and simulation conditions and (b) calculated hydraulic head distributions for aperture of 2.0 mm
Fig. 7. Comparison with numerical and analytical discharges at outlet (Second case)
Fig. 8. (a) Two sets of fracture elements intersecting perpendicularly each other and (b) its parameters (Ntf : theoretical number of fracture elements)
Table 1. Basic statistical values of flow rates at each fracture element with βl (log scale)
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