DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Energy-based evaluation of liquefaction potential of uniform sands

  • 투고 : 2018.10.03
  • 심사 : 2019.01.10
  • 발행 : 2019.02.10

초록

Since behaviors of loose, dense, silty sands vary under seismic loading, understanding the liquefaction mechanism of sandy soils continues to be an important challenges of geotechnical earthquake engineering. In this study, 36 deformation controlled cyclic simple shear tests were performed and the liquefaction potential of the sands was investigated using three different relative densities (40, 55, 70%), four different effective stresses (25, 50, 100, 150 kPa) and three different shear strain amplitudes (2, 3.5, 5%) by using energy based approach. Experiments revealed the relationship between per unit volume dissipated energy with effective stress, relative density and shear strain. The dissipate energy per unit volume was much less affected by shear strain than effective stress and relative density. In other words, the dissipated energy is strongly dependent on relative density and effective stress. These results show that the dissipated energy per unit volume is very useful and may contain the non-uniform loading conditions of the earthquake spectrum. When multiple regression analysis is performed on experiment results, a relationship is proposed that gives liquefaction energy of sandy soils depending on relative density and effective stress parameters.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : Kirikkale University

참고문헌

  1. Alavi, A.H. and Gandomi, A.H. (2012), "Energy-based numerical models for assessment of soil liquefaction", Geosci. Front., 3(4), 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2011.12.008
  2. ASTM D854-14 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
  3. ASTM D4253-16 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
  4. ASTM D4254-16 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
  5. ASTM D6913 (2018), Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International.
  6. Baziar, M.H. and Jafarian, Y. (2007), "Assessment of liquefaction triggering using strain energy concept and ANN model capacity energy", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 27(12), 1056-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.03.007
  7. Baziar, M.H. Jafarian, Y. Shahnazari, H. Movahed, V. and Tutunchian, M.A. (2011), "Prediction of strain energy-based liquefaction resistance of sand-silt mixtures: An evolutionary approach", Comput. Geosci., 37(11), 1883-1893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.008
  8. Berrill, J.B. and Davis, R.O. (1985), "Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction of sands: revised model", Soil. Found., 25(2), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.2_106
  9. Bjerrum, L. and Landva, A. (1966), "Direct simple shear tests on a Norwegian quick clay", Geotechnique, 16(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1966.16.1.1
  10. Boulanger, R.W. and Idriss, I.M. (2012), "Probabilistic standard penetration test-based liquefaction-triggering procedure", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 138(10), 1185-1195. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000700
  11. Carraro, J.A.H., Prezzi, M. and Salgado, R. (2009), "Shear strength and stiffness of sands containing plastic or nonplastic fines", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(9), 1167-1178. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:9(1167)
  12. Cetin, K.O., Seed, R.B., Der-Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., Harder Jr, L.F., Kayen, R.E. and Moss, R.E.S. (2004), "Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 130(12), 1314-1340. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1314)
  13. Chang, W.J. and Hong, M.L. (2008), "Effects of clay content on liquefaction characteristics of gap-graded clayey sands", Soil. Found., 48(1),101-114. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.48.101
  14. Chen, Y.R. Hsieh, S.C. Chen, J.W. and Shih, C.C. (2005), "Energy-based probabilistic evaluation of soil liquefaction", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 25(1), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.07.002
  15. Cubrinovski, M. Bradley, B.A. Wotherspoon, L., Green, R., Bray, J., Wood, C., Pender, M., Allen, J., Bradshaw, A., Rix, G., Taylor, M., Robinson, K., Henderson, D., Girorgini, S., Ma, K., Winkley, A., Zupan, J., O'Rourke, T., DePascale, G. and Wells, D. (2011), "Geotechnical aspects of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake", Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng., 44, 205-226. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.205-226
  16. DeAlba, P., Seed, H.B. and Chan, C.K. (1976), "Sand liquefaction in large-scale simple shear tests", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 102(GT9), 909-927.
  17. Dief, H.M. and Figueroa, J.L. (2001), "Liquefaction assessment by the energy method through centrifuge modeling", Proceedings of the NSF International Workshop on Earthquake Simulation in Geotechnical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., July,
  18. Dobry, R., Ladd, R., Yokel, F., Chung, R. and Powell, D. (1982), "Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method", National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 138, US Department of Commerce, U.S.A.
  19. Dyvik, R., Berre, T., Lacasse, S. and Raadim, B. (1987), "Comparison of truly undrained and constant volume direct simple shear tests", Geotechnique, 37(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.1.3
  20. Fardad, A.P. and Noorzad, R. (2018), "Energy-based evaluation of liquefaction of fiber-reinforced sand using cyclic triaxial testing", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 104, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.09.026
  21. Figueroa, J., Saada, A., Liang, L. and Dahisaria, N. (1994), "Evaluation of soil liquefaction by energy principles", J. Geotech. Eng., 120(9), 1554-1569. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:9(1554)
  22. GDS (2006), Equipment User Manual, GDS Corporation, U.K.
  23. Green, R.A. (2001), "Energy-based Evaluation and Remediation of Liquefiable Soils", Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A.
  24. Hazirbaba, K. and Rathje, E.M. (2009), "Pore pressure generation of silty sands due to induced cyclic shear strains", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135(12), 1892-1905. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000147
  25. Ishihara, K. (1985), "Stability of natural deposits during earthquakes", Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., August
  26. Ishihara, K. and Yasuda, S. (1975), "Sand liquefaction in hollow cylinder torsion under irregular excitation", Soil. Found., 15(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.15.45
  27. Jafarian, Y. Towhata, I. Baziar, M.H. Noorzad, A. and Bahmanpour, A. (2012), "Strain energy based evaluation of liquefaction and residual pore water pressure in sands using cyclic torsional shear experiments", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 35, 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.11.006
  28. Jafarzadeh, F. and Sadeghi, H. (2012), "Experimental study on dynamic properties of sand with emphasis on the degree of saturation", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 32(1), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.08.003
  29. Kammerer, A. and Pestana, J.M. (2002), "Undrained response of Monterey 0/30 sand under multidirectional cyclic simple shear loading conditions", Technical report University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
  30. Kokusho, T. (2013), "Liquefaction potential evaluation: Energybased method comparedto stress-based method", Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., April-May.
  31. Kuerbis, R. and Vaid, Y.P. (1998), "Sand sample preparation: The slurry deposition method", Soil. Found., 28, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.4_107
  32. Law, K.T. Cao, Y.L. and He, G.N. (1990), "An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential", Can. Geotech. J., 27(3), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-043
  33. Liang, L. (1995) "Development of an energy method for evaluating the liquefaction potential of a soil deposit", Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
  34. Monkul, M.M. Gultekin, C. Gulver, M. Akin, O. and Eseller-Bayat, E, (2015), "Estimation of liquefaction potential from dry and saturated sandy soils under drained constant volume cyclic simple shear loading", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 75, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.03.019
  35. Moss, R.E.S., Seed, R.B., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J.P., Der Kiureghian, A. and Cetin, K.O. (2006), "CPT based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of in situ seismic soil liquefaction potential", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(8), 1032-1051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:8(1032)
  36. Nemat-Nasser S. and Shokooh A. (1979), "A unified approach to densification and liquefaction of cohesionless sand in cyclic shearing", Can. Geotech. J., 16(4), 659-678. https://doi.org/10.1139/t79-076
  37. Ostadan, F., Deng, N. and Arango, I. (1996), Energy-Based Method for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation, Phase I. Feasibility Study, U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
  38. Polito, C., Green, R.A., Dillon, E. and Sohn, C. (2013), "Effect of load shape on relationship between dissipated energy", Can. Geotech. J., 50(11), 1118-1128. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0379
  39. Rokoff, M.D. (1999), "The influence of grain-size characteristics in determining the liquefaction potential of a soil deposit by the energy method", M.Sc. Thesis, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
  40. Seed, H.B. (1980), "Closure to soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes", J. Geotech. Eng., 106(6), 724.
  41. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1971), "Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential", J. Soil Mech. Found., 97(8), 1249-1274. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001662
  42. Seed, H.B. and Lee, K.L. (1967), "Undrained strength characteristics of cohesionless soils", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 93(SM6), 333-360 https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001059
  43. Seed, H.B. Idriss, I.M., Makdisi, F. and Banerjee, N. (1975), "Representation of irregular stress time histories by equivalent uniform stress series in liquefaction analyses", Report No. UCB/EERC-75/29, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
  44. Silver, L.M. and Park, T.K. (1976), "Liquefaction potential rvaluated from cyclic strain-controlled properties tests on sands", Soil. Found., 16(3), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.16.3_51
  45. Simcock, J., Davis, R.O., Berrill, J.B. and Mallenger, G. (1983), "Cyclic triaxial tests with continuous measurement of dissipated energy", Geotech. Test. J., 6(1), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10822J
  46. Talaganov, K.V. (1996), "Stress-strain transformation and liquefaction of sand", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 15(7), 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(96)00024-3
  47. Towhata, I. (2008), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Germany.
  48. Towhata, I. and Ishihara, K. (1985), "Shear work and pore water pressure in untrained shear", Soil. Found., 25(3), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.3_73
  49. Walker, B.P. and Whitaker, T. (1967), "An apparatus for forming beds of sands for model foundation tests", Geotechnique, 17(2), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.161
  50. Wijewichreme, D. Sriskandakumar, S. and Byrne, P.M. (2005), "Cyclic loading response of loose air-pluviated Fraser River sand for validation of numerical models simulating centrifuge tests", Can. Geotech. J., 42(2), 41-66.
  51. Wotherspoon, L.M., Orense, R.P. Bradley, B.A., Cox, B.R., Wood, C.M. and Green, R.A. (2015), "Soil profile characterization of Christchurch central business district strong motion stations", Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng., 48(3), 147-157.
  52. Youd, T.L. and Idriss I.M. (2001), "Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(4), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:4(297)
  53. Zaheer, A.A., Kamran, A. and Naeem, A.M. (2013), "Liquefaction Potential of Silty Sand in Simple Shear", Mehran Univ. Res. J. Eng. Technol., 32(1), 85-94.
  54. Zhang, W. and Goh, A.T.C. (2016), "Evaluating seismic liquefaction potential using multivariate adaptive regression splines and logistic regression", Geomech. Eng., 10(3), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.3.269
  55. Zhang, W. Goh, A.T.C., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y. and Xiao, Y. (2015), "Assessment of soil liquefaction based on capacity energy concept and multivariate adaptive regression splines", Eng. Geol., 188, 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.009

피인용 문헌

  1. Dynamic behavior of clayey sand over a wide range using dynamic triaxial and resonant column tests vol.24, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.24.2.105