References
- Hussein, H.S. and Brasel, J.M. (2001) Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167, 101-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00471-1
- Darwish, W.S., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S.M.M. and Ishizuka, M. (2014) An overview on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 76, 789-797. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.13-0563
-
World Health Organisation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC) (1993) Tosins derived from Fusarium moniliforme: fumonisins
$B_1$ and$B_2$ , and fusarin C. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 56, 445-462. - Iheshiulor, O.O.M., Esonu, B.O., Chuwuka, O.K., Omede, A.A., Okoli, I.C. and Ogbuewu, I.P. (2011) Effects of mycotoxins in animal nutrition. Asian J. Anim. Sci., 5, 19-33. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2011.19.33
- Bennett, J.W. and Klich, M. (2003) Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 16, 497-516. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
- Zain, M.E. (2011) Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 15, 129-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006
- World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( 2011) FAO/WHO Guide for Application of Risk Analysis Principles and Procedures during Food Safety Emergencies, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
- Streit, E., Schatzmayr, G., Tassis, P., Tzika, E., Marin, D., Taranu, I., Tabuc, C., Nicolau, A., Aprodu, I., Puel, O. and Oswald, I.P. (2012) Current situation of mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in animal feed-focus on Europe. Toxins, 4, 788-809. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4100788
- Kabak, B., Dobson, A.D. and Var, I. (2006) Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 46, 593-619. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390500436185
- Bonel, L., Vidal, J.C., Duato, P. and Castillo, J.R. (2011) An electrochemical competitive biosensor for ochratoxin A based on a DNA biotinylated aptamer. Biosens. Bioelectron., 26, 3254- 3259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.036
- Jarvis, B.B. (2002) Chemistry and toxicology of molds isolated from water-damaged buildings. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 504, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_5
- Niculita-Hirzel, H., Hantier, G., Storti, F., Plateel, G. and Roger, T. (2016) Frequent occupational exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins of workers in the swiss grain industry. Toxins, 8, 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120370
- Zinedine, A. and Manes, J. (2009) Occurrence and legislation of mycotoxins in food and feed from Morocco. Food Control, 20, 334-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.002
- John, I.P. and Miller, J.D. (2017) A conscise history of mycotoxin research. J. Agric. Food Chem., 65, 7021-7033. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04494
- Wen, J., Kong, W., Hu, Y., Wang, J. and Yang, M. (2014) Multi-mycotoxins analysis in ginger and related products by UHPLC-FLR detection and LC-MS/MS confirmation. Food Control, 43, 82-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.038
- Alcaide-Molina, M., Ruiz-Jimenez, J., Mata-Granados, J. and de Castro, M.L. (2009) High through-put aflatoxin determination in plant material by automated solid-phase extraction on-line coupled to laser-induced fluorescence screening and determination by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1216, 1115-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.049
- Ali, N., Hashim, N., Saad, B., Safan, K., Nakajima, M. and Yoshizawa, T. (2005) Evaluation of a method to determine the natural occurrence of aflatoxins in commercial traditional herbal medicines from Malaysia and Indonesia. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43, 1763-1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.05.019
- Makun, H.A., Dutton, M.F., Njobeh, P.B., Mwanza, M. and Kabiru, A.Y. (2011) Natural multi-occurrence of mycotoxins in rice from Niger State, Nigeria. Mycotoxin Res., 27, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-010-0080-5
- Nyaga, P.N. (2010) Report on Aflatoxin contamination in Maize, Ministry of Agriculture.
-
Rotimi, O.A., Rotimi, S.O., Oluwafemi, F., Ademuyiwa, O. and Balogun, E.A. (2018) Oxidative stress in extrahepatic tissues of rats co-exposed to aflatoxin
$B_1$ and low protein diet. Toxicol. Res., 34, 211-220. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2018.34.3.211 - Ventura, M., Gomez, A., Anaya, I., Diaz, J., Broto, F., Agut, M. and Comellas, L. (2004) Determination of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2 and G2 in medicinal herbs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1048, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01188-4
- Zöllner, P. and Mayer-Helm, B. (2006) Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1136, 123-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.055
- Afsah-Hejri, L., Jinap, S., Hajeb, P., Radu, S. and Shakibazadeh, S. (2013) A review on mycotoxins in food and feed: Malaysia case study. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 12, 629-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12029
- Bilotti, L.G., Fernández Pinto, V.E. and Vaamonde, G. (2000) Aflatoxin production in three selected samples of triticale, wheat and rye grown in Argentina. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 1981-1984. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(200010)80:13<1981::AID-JSFA734>3.0.CO;2-P
- Duarte, S., Pena, A. and Lino, C. (2010) A review on ochratoxin A occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal derived food products. Food Microbiol., 27, 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2009.11.016
- Egbuta, M.A. (2012) Ochratoxins Occur Primarily in Cereals in Northern Europe and Africa. A Disseratation Submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Ribelin, W., Fukushima, K. and Still, P. (1978) The toxicity of ochratoxin to ruminants. Can. J. Comp. Med., 42, 172.
- Hassan, A.M., Sheashaa, H.A., Fattah, M.F.A., Ibrahim, A.Z., Gaber, O.A. and Sobh, M.A. (2006) Study of ochratoxin A as an environmental risk that causes renal injury in breast-fed Egyptian infants. Pediatr. Nephrol., 21, 102-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-005-2033-3
- Malir, F., Ostry, V., Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. and Roubal, T. (2012) Ochratoxin A exposure biomarkers in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreign countries. Biomarkers, 17, 577-589. https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2012.692392
- Soleas, G.J., Yan, J. and Goldberg, D.M. (2001) Assay of ochratoxin A in wine and beer by high-pressure liquid chromatography photodiode array and gas chromatography mass selective detection. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2733-2740. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0100651
- Marasas, W. (2001) Discovery and occurrence of the fumonisins: a historical perspective. Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 239.
- Edson, N., Bradley, C.F., Cees, W. and Altus, V. (2011) Fusarium spp. and levels of fumonisins in maize produced by subsistence farmers in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci., 107, 1-2.
- Czembor, E., Adamczyk, J., Posta, K., Oldenburg, E. and Schürch, S. (2010) Prevention of ear rots due to Fusarium spp. on maize and mycotoxin accumulation in Food Quality and Safety, 6th framework programme, guide number 3.
- Shephard, G. (2011) Fusarium mycotoxins and human health. Plant Breed. Seed Sci., 64, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10129-011-0034-x
- Giannitti, F., Diab, S.S., Pacin, A.M., Barrandeguy, M., Larrere, C., Ortega, J. and Uzal, F.A. (2011) Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) due to fumonisins B1 and B2 in Argentina. Pesq. Vet. Bras., 31, 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2011000500007
-
Sangare-Tigori, B., Moukha, S., Kouadio, H.J., Betbeder, A.M., Dano, D.S. and Creppy, E.E. (2006) Co-occurrence of aflatoxin
$B_1$ , fumonisin$B_1$ , ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and peanuts from Cote d'Ivoire. Food Addit. Contam., 23, 1000-1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500415686 - Whitlow, L. and Hagler, W. (2004) Nutrional Biotechnology in the feed and food industries. Proceedings of All tech's 20th Annual Symposium: re-imagining the feed industry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, 23-26 May 2004.
- Reddy, K., Salleh, B., Saad, B., Abbas, H., Abel, C. and Shier, W. (2010) An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health. Toxin Rev., 29, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569541003598553
- Rodrigues, I., Handl, J. and Binder, E.M. (2011) Mycotoxin occurrence in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients sourced in the Middle East and Africa. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill., 4, 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2011.589034
- Shephard, G.S., Van der Westhuizen, L., Katerere, D.R., Herbst, M. and Pineiro, M. (2010) Preliminary exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol and patulin in South Africa. Mycotoxin Res., 26, 181-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-010-0052-9
- Katerere, D.R., Stockenström, S., Thembo, K.M., Balducci, G. and Shephard, G.S. (2007) Investigation of patulin contamination in apple juice sold in retail outlets in Italy and South Africa. Food Addit. Contam., 24, 630-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030601137668
- Ismaiel, A.A. and Papenbrock, J. (2015) Mycotoxins: producing fungi and mechanisms of phytotoxicity. Agriculture, 5, 492-537. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5030492
- Junaid, S., Olarubofin, F. and Olabode, A. (2010) Mycotic contamination of stockfish sold in Jos, Nigeria. J. Yeast Fungal Res., 1, 136-141.
- Llewellyn, G., McCay, J., Brown, R., Musgrove, D., Butterworth, L., Munson, A.E. and White, K.L., Jr. (1998) Immunological evaluation of the mycotoxin patulin in female B6C3F 1 mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 36, 1107-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00084-2
- Lupescu, A., Jilani, K., Zbidah, M. and Lang, F. (2013) Patulin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 32, 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354437
- Blanchard, D.J. and Manderville, R.A. (2016) An internal charge transfer-DNA platform for fluorescence sensing of divalent metal ions. ChemComm, 52, 9586-9588.
- Faucet-Marquis, V., Joannis-Cassan, C., Hadjeba-Medjdoub, K., Ballet, N. and Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. (2014) Development of an in vitro method for the prediction of mycotoxin binding on yeast-based products: case of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and ochratoxin A. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 98, 7583-7596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5917-y
- Chang, H., Li, P., Zhang, W., Liu, T., Hoffmann, A., Deng, L. and Wu, M. (2014) Nanometer-thick yttrium iron garnet films with extremely low damping. IEEE Magn. Lett., 5, 1-4.
- Tian, Y., Tan, Y., Liu, N., Liao, Y., Sun, C., Wang, S. and Wu, A. (2016) Functional agents to biologically control deoxynivalenol contamination in cereal grains. Front. Microbiol., 7, 395.
- Pinton, P. and Oswald, I.P. (2014) Effect of deoxynivalenol and other Type B trichothecenes on the intestine: a review. Toxins, 6, 1615-1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6051615
- Ali, E.M. (2013) Phytochemical composition, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. essential oils. J. Med. Plants Res., 7, 2197-2207. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.5134
- Reddy, K., Nurdijati, S. and Salleh, B. (2010) An overview of plant-derived products on control of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Asian J. Plant Sci., 9, 126. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2010.126.133
- Asao, T., Buchi, G., Abdel-Kader, M., Chang, S., Wick, E.L. and Wogan, G. (1963) Aflatoxins B and G. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 1706-1707. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00894a050
- Merrill, A.H., Jr., Sullards, M.C., Wang, E., Voss, K.A. and Riley, R.T. (2001) Sphingolipid metabolism: roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 283.
- Shephard, G. (2008) Impact of mycotoxins on human health in developing countries. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess., 25, 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701567442
- Carvajal-Moreno, M. (2015) Metabolic Changes of Aflatoxin B1 to become an active carcinogen and the control of this toxin. Immunome Res., 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/1745-7580.10000104
- Clara, C. (2013) Antifungal Secondary Metabolites from Monanthotaxis Littoralis with Activity against Mycotoxigenic Fungi from Maize, Egerton University.
- Allameh, A., Rasooli, I. and Ziglari, T. (2011) Phytoinhibition of Growth and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Toxigenic Fungi, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
- Nathanail, A.V., Syvähuoko, J., Malachova, A., Jestoi, M., Varga, E., Michlmayr, H., Adam, G., Sieviläinen, E., Berthiller, F. and Peltonen, K. (2015) Simultaneous determination of major type A and B trichothecenes, zearalenone and certain modified metabolites in Finnish cereal grains with a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 407, 4745-4755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8676-4
- Douglas, L.P. and William, D.P. (2001) Reduction of aflatoxin hazards using ammoniation. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 171, 139-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0161-5_4
- Janos, V., Sandor, K., Zsanett, P., Csaba, V. and Beata, T. (2010) Chemical, physical and biological approaches to prevent ochratoxin induced toxicoses in humans and animals. Toxins, 2, 1718-1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2071718
- Choudhary, A.K. and Kumari, P. (2010) Management of mycotoxin contamination in preharvest and post harvest crops: present status and future prospects. J. Phytol., 2, 37-52.
- Suttajit, M. (1989) Prevention and control of mycotoxins in Mycotoxin Prevention and Control in Foodgrains (Semple, R.L., Frio, A.S., Hicks, P.A. and Lozare, J.V. Eds.). Bankok, Thailand.
- Rodrigues, I. (2014) A review on the effects of mycotoxins in dairy ruminants. Animal Prod. Sci., 54, 1155-1165. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13492
- Bunaciu, A.A., Aboul-Enein, H.Y. and Hoang, V.D. (2015) Raman spectroscopy for protein analysis. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 50, 377-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2014.990463
- Abrunhosa, L., Paterson, R.R. and Venâncio, A. (2010) Biodegradation of ochratoxin A for food and feed decontamination. Toxins, 2, 1078-1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2051078