Fig. 1. Testing apparatus including the transparent temperature-controllable cell (Jin et al., 2019)
Fig. 2. Grain size distribution curve of artificial soil
Fig. 3. Laboratory frost heave testing results including water intake (Jin et al., 2019)
Fig. 4. Temperature profile of the tested artificial soil
Fig. 5. Decision process for thermal equilibrium and heave rate
Fig. 6. Measurement of side friction without soil
Fig. 7. Frost heave testing results with and without O-ring
Fig. 8. Grain size distribution curve of Halden silt
Fig. 9. Frost heave testing results with different specimen heights
Table 1. Characteristics and freezing method using the transparent temperature-controllable cell
Table 2. Engineering properties of Joomunjin standard sand
Table 3. Boundary conditions for frost heave test (Jin et al., 2019)
Table 4. Calculated and measured heave by pore water (Jin et al., 2019)
Table 5. Boundary conditions for frost heave test without O-ring
Table 6. Engineering properties of Halden soil
Table 7. Boundary conditions for frost heave test of Halden silt
Table 8. Frost heave ratio (ξ)
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