DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Shear behavior of non-persistent joints in concrete and gypsum specimens using combined experimental and numerical approaches

  • Haeri, Hadi (MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering, School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University) ;
  • Sarfarazi, V. (Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology) ;
  • Zhu, Zheming (MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering, School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University) ;
  • Hokmabadi, N. Nohekhan (Geology Department, Yazd University) ;
  • Moshrefifar, MR. (Geology Department, Yazd University) ;
  • Hedayat, A. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines)
  • Received : 2018.06.18
  • Accepted : 2018.12.15
  • Published : 2019.01.25

Abstract

In this paper, shear behavior of non-persistent joint surrounded in concrete and gypsum layers has been investigated using experimental test and numerical simulation. Two types of mixture were prepared for this study. The first type consists of water and gypsum that were mixed with a ratio of water/gypsum of 0.6. The second type of mixture, water, sand and cement were mixed with a ratio of 27%, 33% and 40% by weight. Shear behavior of a non-persistent joint embedded in these specimens is studied. Physical models consisting of two edge concrete layers with dimensions of 160 mm by 130 mm by 60 mm and one internal gypsum layer with the dimension of 16 mm by 13 mm by 6 mm were made. Two horizontal edge joints were embedded in concrete beams and one angled joint was created in gypsum layer. Several analyses with joints with angles of $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, and $60^{\circ}$ degree were conducted. The central fault places in 3 different positions. Along the edge joints, 1.5 cm vertically far from the edge joint face and 3 cm vertically far from the edge joint face. All samples were tested in compression using a universal loading machine and the shear load was induced because of the specimen geometry. Concurrent with the experiments, the extended finite element method (XFEM) was employed to analyze the fracture processes occurring in a non-persistent joint embedded in concrete and gypsum layers using Abaqus, a finite element software platform. The failure pattern of non-persistent cracks (faults) was found to be affected mostly by the central crack and its configuration and the shear strength was found to be related to the failure pattern. Comparison between experimental and corresponding numerical results showed a great agreement. XFEM was found as a capable tool for investigating the fracturing mechanism of rock specimens with non-persistent joint.

Keywords

References

  1. Belytschko, T. and Black, T. (1999) "Elastic crack growth in finite element with minimal remeshing", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 45(5), 601-620. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19990620)45:5<601::AID-NME598>3.0.CO;2-S
  2. Bi, J., Zhou, X.P. and Qian, Q.H. (2016) "The 3D numerical simulation for the propagation process of multiple pre-existing flaws in rock-like materials subjected to biaxial compressive loads", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49(5), 1611-1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0867-y
  3. Bi, J., Zhou, X.P. and Xu, X.M. (2017) "Numerical simulation of failure process of rock-like materials subjected to impact loads", Int. J. Geomech., 17(3), 04016073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000769
  4. Bobet, A. and Einstein, H.H. (1998), "Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 35(7), 863-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(98)00005-9
  5. Boumaaza, M., Bezazi, A., Bouchelaghem, H., Benzennache, N., Amziane, S. and Scarpa, F. (2017), "Behavior of pre-cracked deep beams with composite materials repairs", Struct. Eng. Mech., 63(4), 43-56.
  6. Cao, P. (2014), "Crack propagation and coalescence of brittle rock-like specimens with pre-existing crack in compression", Eng. Geol., 187, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.010
  7. Feng, D., Tian, L. and Peng, C. (2011), "Study of longitudinal cracking during settlement of soil based on extended finite element method", Eng. Mech., 28(5), 149-154.
  8. Fries, T.P. and Belytschko, T. (2000), "The extended/generalized finite element methods: An overview of the method and its applications", Int. J. Numer. Met. Eng., 84(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.2880
  9. Ghazvinian, A., Sarfarazi, V., Schubert, W. and Blumel, M. (2012), "A study of the failure mechanism of planar non-persistent open joints using PFC2D", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45(5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0233-2
  10. Gischig, V., Amann, F., Moore, J.R., Loew, S., Eisenbeiss, H. and Stempfhuber, W. (2011), "Composite rock slope kinematics at the current randa instability, Switzerland, based on remote sensing and numerical modeling", Eng. Geol., 118(1-2), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.11.006
  11. Grenon, M. and Hadjigeorgiou, J. (2008), "A design methodology for rock slopes susceptible to wedge failure using fracture system modeling", Eng. Geol., 96(1-2), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.10.002
  12. Haeri, H. (2015a), "Propagation mechanism of neighboring cracks in rock-like cylindrical specimens under uniaxial compression", J. Min. Sci., 51(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739115030096
  13. Haeri, H. (2015b), "Crack analysis of pre-cracked brittle specimens under biaxial compression", J. Min. Sci., 51(6), 1091-1100. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739115060344
  14. Haeri, H. and Sarfarazi, V. (2016) "Experimental study of shear behavior of planar non-persistent joint", Comput. Concrete, 17(5), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.5.639
  15. Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V., Shemirani, A.B. and Hedayat, A. (2017), "Experimental and numerical investigation of the center-cracked horseshoe disk method for determining the mode I fracture toughness of rock-like material", Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
  16. Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V., Shemirani, A.B. and Hedayat, A. (2018), "Determination of tensile strength of concrete using a novel apparatus", Constr. Build. Mater., 166, 817-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.157
  17. Hedayat, A., Ochoa, F. and Khasawneh, Y. (2015), "Numerical simulation of crack initiation and growth in rock specimens containing a flaw under uniaxial compression", Proceedings of the 49th US Rock Mechanics Symposium, San Francisco, June-Juuly.
  18. Kequan, Y.U. and Zhoudao, L.U. (2015), "Influence of softening curves on the residual fracture toughness of post-fire normal-strength concrete", Comput. Concrete, 15(2), 102-111.
  19. Lee, J.W. and Lee, J.Y. (2018), "A transfer matrix method for in-plane bending vibrations of tapered beams with axial force and multiple edge cracks", Struct. Eng. Mech., 66(1), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2018.66.1.045
  20. Li, J.Y., Zhou, H., Zhu, W. and Li, S. (2016), "Experimental and numerical investigations on the shear behavior of a jointed rock mass", Geosci. J., 20(3), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-015-0052-z
  21. Li, S., Wang, H., Li, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, B. and Zhu, H. (2016), "A new mini-grating absolute di placement measuring system for static and dynamic geomechanical model tests", Measure., 82, 421-431.
  22. Li, Y., Zhou, H., Zhu, W., Li, S. and Liu, J. (2015), "Numerical study on crack propagation in brittle jointed rock mass influenced by fracture water pressure", Mater., 8(6), 3364-3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8063364
  23. Li, Y.P., Chen, L.Z. and Wang, Y.H. (2005), "Experimental research on pre-cracked marble", Int. J. Sol. Struct., 42(9-10), 2505-2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.09.033
  24. Mariani, S. and Perego, U. (2003) "Extended finite element method for quasi-brittle fracture", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 58(1), 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.761
  25. Monfared, M.M. (2017), "Mode III SIFs for interface cracks in an FGM coating-substrate system", Struct. Eng. Mech., 64(1), 78-95.
  26. Nabil, B., Abdelkader, B., Miloud, A. and Noureddine, B. (2012), "On the mixed-mode crack propagation in FGMs plates: Comparison of different criteria", Struct. Eng. Mech., 61(3), 201-213.
  27. Pan, B., Gao, Y. and Zhong, Y. (2014), "Theoretical analysis of overlay resisting crack propagation in old cement concrete pavement", Struct. Eng. Mech., 52(4), 167-181.
  28. Panaghi, K., Golshani, A. and Takemura, T. (2015), "Rock failure assessment based on crack density and anisotropy index variations during triaxial loading tests", Geomech. Eng., 9(6), 793-813. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.6.793
  29. Park, C.H. and Bobet, A. (2010), "Crack coalescence in specimens with open and closed flaws", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(5), 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.02.006
  30. Park, C.H. and Bobet, A. (2009), "Crack coalescence in specimens with open and closed flaws: A comparison", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(5), 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.02.006
  31. Peng, C. (2009), "Plastic damage model of concrete and development of Abaqus UMAT", M.Sc. Dissertation, Shenyang University of Technology.
  32. Ramadoss, P. and Nagamani, K. (2013), "Stress-strain behavior and toughness of high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete in compression", Comput. Concrete, 11(2), 55-65.
  33. Regmi, A.D., Yoshida, K., Nagata, H., Pradhan, A.M.S., Pradhan, B. and Pourghasemi, H.R. (2013), "The relationship between geology and rock weathering on the rock instability along Mugling-Narayanghat road corridor, Central Nepal Himalaya", Nat. Hazards, 66(2), 501-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0497-6
  34. Rezaiee-Pajand M. and Gharaei-Moghaddam N. (2018), "Two new triangular finite elements containing stable open cracks", Struct. Eng. Mech., 65(1), 46-71.
  35. Sarfarazi, V. and Haeri, H. (2016a), "The effect of non-persistent joints on sliding direction of rock slopes", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 723-737. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.723
  36. Sarfarazi, V. and Haeri, H. (2016b), "Effect of number and configuration of bridges on shear properties of sliding surface", J. Min. Sci., 52(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739116020370
  37. Shakti, S.P., Parhi, D.R. and Mishra, D. (2015), "Comparative study on cracked beam with different types of cracks carrying moving mass", Struct. Eng. Mech., 56(5), 33-45.
  38. Sharma, R.K., Mehta, B.S. and Jamwal, C.S. (2013), "Cut slope stability evaluation of NH 21 along Nalayan-Gambhrola section, Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh, India", Nat. Hazards, 66(2), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0469-x
  39. Shemirani, A., Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V. and Hedayat, A. (2017), "A review paper about experimental investigations on failure behavior of non-persistent joint", Geomech. Eng., 13(4), 535-570. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.13.4.535
  40. Silling, S.A. (2000), "Reformulation of elasticity theory for discontinuities and long-range forces", J. Mech. Phys. Sol., 48(1), 175-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(99)00029-0
  41. Singh, T.N., Gulati, A., Dontha, L. and Bhardwaj, V. (2008), "Evaluating cut slope failure by numerical analysis-a case study", Nat. Hazards, 47(2), 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9219-5
  42. Wang, Y., Zhou, X.P. and Shou, Y. (2017), "The modeling of crack propagation and coalescence in rocks under uniaxial compression using the novel conjugated bond-based peridynamics", Int. J. Mech. Sci., 128, 614-643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.05.019
  43. Wang, Y., Zhou, X.P. and Xu, X. (2016), "Numerical simulation of propagation and coalescence of flaws in rock materials under compressive loads using the extended non-ordinary state-based peridynamics", Eng. Fract. Mech., 163, 248-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.06.013
  44. Wang, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, Y. and Shou, Y. (2018), "A 3-D conjugated bond-pair-based peridynamic formulation for initiation and propagation of cracks in brittle solids", Int. J. Sol. Struct., 134, 89-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.10.022
  45. Wang, Y., Zhou, X.P. and Kou, M. (2018), "Peridynamic investigation on thermal fracturing behavior of ceramic nuclear fuel pellets under power cycles", Ceram. Int., 44(10), 11512-11542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.03.214
  46. Wang, X., Zhu, Z., Wang, M., Ying, P., Zhou, L. and Dong, Y. (2017), "Study of rock dynamic fracture toughness by using VB-SCSC specimens under medium-low speed impacts", Eng. Fract. Mech., 181, 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.06.024
  47. Wei, M.D., Dai, F., Xu, N.W., Xu, Y. and Xia, K. (2015), "Three-dimensional numerical evaluation of the progressive fracture mechanism of cracked chevron notched semi-circular bend rock specimens", Eng. Fract. Mech., 134, 286-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.11.012
  48. Whittaker, B., Singh, R. and Sun, G. (1992), Rock Fracture Mechanics-Principles, Design and Applications, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  49. Yaylac, M. (2016), "The investigation crack problem through numerical analysis", Struct. Eng. Mech., 57(6), 1143-1156. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.57.6.1143
  50. Yunteng, W., Zhou, X.P. and Shou, Y. (2017), "The modeling of crack propagation and coalescence in rocks under uniaxial compression using the novel conjugated bond-based peridynamics", Int. J. Mech. Sci., 128, 614-643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.05.019
  51. Zare Naghadehi, M., Jimenez, R., Khalo Kakaie, R. and Jalali, S.M.E. (2011), "A probabilistic systems methodology to analyze the importance of factors affecting the stability of rock slopes", Eng. Geol., 118(3-4), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.01.003
  52. Zhang, P. (2015), "Crack coalescence between two non-parallel flaws in rock-like material under uniaxial compression", Eng. Geol., 199, 74-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.10.007
  53. Zhao, C. (2015), "Analytical solutions for crack initiation on floor-strata interface during mining", Geomech. Eng., 8(2), 237-255. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.2.237
  54. Zhou, X.P., Bi, J. and Qian, Q.H. (2015), "Numerical simulation of crack growth and coalescence in rock-like materials containing multiple pre-existing flaws", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 48(3), 1097-1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0627-4
  55. Zhou, X.P., Gu, X.B. and Wang, Y.T. (2015), "Numerical simulations of propagation, bifurcation and coalescence of cracks in rocks", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 80, 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.006
  56. Zhou, X.P. and Yang, H.Q. (2012), "Multiscale numerical modeling of propagation and coalescence of multiple cracks in rock masses", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 55, 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.06.001