DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of ASCE 61-14 NSPs for the estimation of seismic demands in marginal wharves

  • Smith-Pardo, J. Paul. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seattle University) ;
  • Reyes, Juan C. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes) ;
  • Sandoval, Juan D. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes) ;
  • Hassan, Wael M. (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alaska)
  • 투고 : 2018.06.06
  • 심사 : 2018.11.23
  • 발행 : 2019.01.10

초록

The Standard ASCE 61-14 proposes the Substitute Structure Method (SSM) as a Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP) to estimate nonlinear displacement demands at the center of mass of piers or wharves under seismic actions. To account for bidirectional earthquake excitation according to the Standard, results from independent pushover analyses in each orthogonal direction should be combined using either a 100/30 directional approach or a procedure referred to as the Dynamic Magnification Factor, DMF. The main purpose of this paper is to present an evaluation of these NSPs in relation to four wharf model structures on soil conditions ranging from soft to medium dense clay. Results from nonlinear static analyses were compared against benchmark values of relevant Engineering Design Parameters, EDPs. The latter are defined as the geometric mean demands that are obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses using a set of 30 two-component ground motion records. It was found that SSM provides close estimates of the benchmark displacement demands at the center of mass of the wharf structures. Furthermore, for the most critical pile connection at a landside corner of the wharf the 100/30 and DMF approaches produced displacement, curvature, and force demands that were reasonably comparable to corresponding benchmark values.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. ACI 318 (2014), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills.
  2. ASCE/COPRI 61-14 (2014), Seismic Design of Piers and Wharves, American Society of Civil Engineering.
  3. Baker, J.W. and Cornell, C.A. (2006), "Spectral shape, epsilon, and record selection", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(9), 1077-1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.571
  4. Benzoni, G. and Priestley M.J.N. (2003), "Seismic response of linked marginal wharf segments", J. Earthq. Eng., 7(4), 513-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460309350462
  5. Burden, L.I., Rix, G. and Werner, S. (2016), "Development of a risk framework for forecasting earthquake losses in port systems", Earthq. Spectr., 32(1), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1193/043013EQS117M
  6. California Building Standards Commission (2010), California Building Code: California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 2, Volume 1, Chapter 31F, Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and Maintenance Standards (MOTEMS).
  7. Chopra, A.K. and Goel, R.K. (2001), "Direct displacement-based design: Use of inelastic vs. elastic design spectra", Earthq. Spectr., 17(1), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586166
  8. Chore, H.S., Ingle, R.K. and Sawant, V.A. (2012), "Non-linear analysis of pile groups subjected to lateral loads using 'p-y' curve", Interact. Multisc. Mech., 5(1), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.12989/imm.2012.5.1.057
  9. Computers and Structures (2006), Inc. PERFORM 3D, User Guide v4, Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment for 3D Structures.
  10. DesRoches, R., Comerio, M., Eberhard, M., Mooney, W. and Rix, G.J. (2011), "Overview of the 2010 Haiti earthquake", Earthq. Spectr., 27(S1), S1-S21. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3630129
  11. Eberhard, M., Baldridge, S., Marshall, J., Mooney, W. and Rix, G.J. (2010), The Mw 7.0 Haiti earthquake of Jauary 12, 2010, USGS/EERI Advance Reconnaissance Team Report.
  12. El-Tawil, S. and Deierlein, G. (2001a), "Nonlinear analysis of mixed steel-concrete frames. I: Element formulation", J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:6(647)
  13. El-Tawil, S. and Deierlein, G. (2001b), "Nonlinear analysis of mixed steel-concrete frames. II: Implementation and verification", J. Struct. Eng., 127(6), 656-665. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:6(656)
  14. Green, R.A., Olson, S.M., Cox, B.R., Rix, G.J., Rathje, E., Bachhuber, J., French, J., Lasley, S. and Martin, N. (2011), "Geotechnical aspects of failures at Port-au-Prince seaport during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake", Earthq. Spectr., 27(S1), S43-S65. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3636440
  15. Kalkan, E. and Chopra, A. (2010), Practical Guidelines to Select and Scale Earthquake Records for Nonlinear Response History Analysis of Structures, USGS Open-File Report 2010-1068, Menlo Park, CA, .
  16. Kalkan, E. and Chopra, A. (2012), "Evaluation of modal pushover-based scaling of one component of ground motion: Tall buildings", Earthq. Spectr., 28(4), 1469-1493. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000091
  17. Landers, P. (2001), Kobe Disaster Offers Clues on Rebuilding, Wall Street Journal, October.
  18. Matlock, H. (1970), "Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay", Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, April.
  19. POLA (2012), The Port of Los Angeles Code for Seismic Design, Upgrade, and Repair of Container Wharves, Port of Los Angeles.
  20. Port of Seattle (2013), Foreign Waterborne Trade Report, Seattle, U.S.A.
  21. Ragued, B., Wotherspoon, L. and Ingham, J. (2014), Seismic Response of A Typical New Zealand Pile-Supported Wharf Configuration, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Technical Conference and AGM, Auckland, March.
  22. Reyes, J.C. and Chopra A.K. (2011a), "Three-dimensional modal pushover analysis of buildings subjected to two components of ground motion, including its evaluation for tall buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 40(7), 789-806. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1060
  23. Reyes, J.C. and Chopra, A.K. (2011b), "Evaluation of three-dimensional modal pushover analysis for unsymmetric-plan buildings subjected to two components of ground motion", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 40(13), 1475-1494. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1100
  24. Reyes, J.C. and Chopra A.K. (2012), "Modal pushover-based scaling of two components of ground motion records for nonlinear RHA of buildings", Earthq. Spectr., 28(3), 1243-1267. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000069
  25. Reyes, J.C. and Quintero, O. (2013), "Modal pushover-based scaling of earthquake records for nonlinear analysis of single-story unsymmetric-plan buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43(7), 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2384
  26. Reyes, J.C., Riano, A., Kalkan, E., Quintero, O. and Arango, C. (2014), "Assessment of spectrum matching procedure for nonlinear analysis of symmetric- and asymmetric-plan buildings", Eng. Struct., 72(1), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.035
  27. Reyes, J.C., Riano, A., Kalkan, E. and Arango, C. (2015). "Extending modal pushover-based scaling procedure for nonlinear response history analysis of multi-story unsymmetric-plan buildings", 88(1), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.041
  28. Roth, W. and Dawson, E. (2003), "Analyzing the seismic performance of wharves, part 2: SSI analysis with nonlinear, effective-stress soil models", Proceedings of the TCLEE 2003: Advancing Mitigation Technologies and Disaster Response for Lifeline Systems, Long Beach, August.
  29. Saha, R., Dutta, S.C. and Haldar, S. (2015), "Effect of raft and pile stiffness on seismic response of soil-piled raft-structure system", Struct. Eng. Mech., 55(1), 161-189. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.55.1.161
  30. Sandoval, J.D. (2015), "Evaluacion del proceso estatico no lineal del estandar ASCE 61-14 para estimar demandas sismicas en muelles", BSCE Dissertation, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota.
  31. Shafieezadeh, A., DesRoches, R., Rix, G. and Werner, S. (2012), "Seismic performance of pile-supported wharf structures considering soil-structure interaction in liquefied soil", Earthq. Spectr., 28(2), 729-757. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000008
  32. Shafieezadeh, A., DesRoches, R., Rix, G. and Werner, S. (2013), "Three-dimensional wharf response to far-field and impulsive near-field ground motions in liquefiable soils", J. Struct. Eng., 139(8), 1395-1407. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000642
  33. Shafieezadeh, A. and Burden, L.I.(2014), "Scenario-based resilience assessment framework for critical infrastructure systems: Case study for seismic resilience of seaports", Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safety, 132, 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2014.07.021
  34. Shibata, A. and Sozen, M.A. (1976), "Substitute-structure method for seismic design in R/C", J. Struct. Eng., 102(1), 1-18.
  35. Varun, V., Assimaki, D. and Shafieezadeh, A. (2013), "Soil-pile-structure interaction simulations in liquefiable soils via dynamic macroelements: Formulation and validation", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 47, 92-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.03.008
  36. Zareian, F., Aguirre, C., Beltran, J.F., Cruz, E., Herrera, R., Leon, R., Millan, A. and Verdugo, A. (2012), "Industrial facilites affected by the 2010 Chile offshore Bio-Bio earthquake", Earthq. Spectr., 28(S1), S513-S532. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000049