Korean Journal of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회지)

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회)
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Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children

학동기 어린이 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애에서 식이요인의 역할 규명

  • An, Minji (Graduate School of Kyung Hee University) ;
  • An, Hyojin (Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Hwang, Hyo-Jeong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Sahmyook University) ;
  • Kwon, Ho-Jang (Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine) ;
  • Ha, Mina (Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine) ;
  • Hong, Yun-Chul (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Hong, Soo-Jong (Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Oh, Se-Young (Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University)
  • 안민지 (경희대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 안효진 (경희대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 황효정 (삼육대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 권호장 (단국대학교 예방의학과) ;
  • 하미나 (단국대학교 예방의학과) ;
  • 홍윤철 (서울대학교 예방의학과) ;
  • 홍수종 (울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 소아청소년과 소아천식아토피센터) ;
  • 오세영 (경희대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2018.07.31
  • Accepted : 2018.09.07
  • Published : 2018.10.30
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Abstract

Objectives: An association between dietary patterns and mental health in children has been suggested in a series of studies, yet detailed analyses of dietary patterns and their effects on ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are limited. Methods: We included 4569 children who had dietary intake data as part of the CHEER (Children's Health and Environmental Research) study conducted nationwide from 2005 to 2010. We assessed ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) by the DuPaul's ADHD Rating Scales and dietary intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using intake data, we constructed five dietary patterns: "Plant foods & fish," "Sweets," "Meat & fish," "Fruits & dairy products," and "Wheat based." Results: The overall proportion of ADHD was 12.3%. Boys (17.8%) showed a higher rate of ADHD than girls (6.5%). The total intake of calories (85 kcal) and plant fat (2g) in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that of the normal group. ADHD was significantly negatively associated with dietary habits such as having breakfast and meal frequency, and positively associated with eating speed, unbalanced diet, overeating, and rice consumption. Regarding dietary patterns, the "Sweets" category was relevant to high ADHD risk (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.15 for Q5 vs. Q1) in a linear relationship. An inverse, non-linear association was found between "Fruits & dairy products" and ADHD (OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.76 for Q4 vs. Q1). Conclusions: Our study confirms both positive and negative associations between diet and ADHD in elementary school age children. Moreover, linear or nonlinear associations between diet and ADHD draw attention to the possible threshold role of nutrients. Further studies may consider characteristics of diet in more detail to develop better intervention or management in terms of diet and health.

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References

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