The Korean journal of sports medicine (대한스포츠의학회지)

The Korean Society of Sports Medicine (대한스포츠의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Ultramarathon on the Anterior Pituitary and Thyroid Hormones

울트라마라톤이 뇌하수체 전엽 및 갑상선 호르몬에 미치는 영향

  • Shin, Kyung-A (Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinsung University) ;
  • Kim, Young-Joo (Department of Exercise Rehabilitation Welfare, Sungshin University)
  • 신경아 (신성대학교 임상병리과) ;
  • 김영주 (성신여자대학교 운동재활복지학과)
  • Received : 2018.10.15
  • Accepted : 2018.11.26
  • Published : 2018.12.01
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to study changes in pituitary hormone in anterior lobe and thyroid hormone before, after, and during recovery time in severe 100 km ultramarathon. Methods: Healthy middle-aged runners (age, $52.0{\pm}4.8$ years) participated in the test. Grade exercise test is done, and then blood is taken from those participants before and after completing 100 km ultramarathon at the intervals of 24 hours (1 day), 72 hours (3 days), and 120 hours (5 days) to analyze their luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (Free T4). Results: For LH, it decreased more significantly at 100 km than pre-race. However, after 1 day result increased more than that of 100 km. At 3 days, it was significantly higher than pre-race and 100 km, recovering at 5 days. In terms of FSH, it decreased at 100 km, 1 day, and 3 days more than pre-race but recovered at 5 days. TSH was higher at 1 day and 5 days compared to pre-race. T3 was only higher at 100 km than pre-race. T4 was higher till 5 days at 100 km than pre-race. Free T4 increased more significantly at 100 km than pre-race. Conclusion: In terms of severe long distance running, LH and FSH which belong to hormone from anterior lobe as well as T3, T4, and Free T4 which belong to thyroid hormone showed their variation within the standard range. However, TSH showed abnormal increase from enhanced concentration of blood after marathon becoming hyper-activation even during the recovery period.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Sungshin University

References

  1. Bluher M, Zimmer P. Metabolic and cardiovascular effects of physical activity, exercise and fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2010;135:930-4. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1253682
  2. Bobbert T, Mai K, Brechtel L, et al. Leptin and endocrine parameters in marathon runners. Int J Sports Med 2012;33:244-8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1291251
  3. Geyssant A, Geelen G, Denis C, et al. Plasma vasopressin, renin activity, and aldosterone: effect of exercise and training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1981;46:21-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422171
  4. Galbo H. Integrated endocrine responses and exercise. In: DeGroot LJ, editor. Endocrinology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders; 1995. p. 2692-701.
  5. Ball D. Metabolic and endocrine response to exercise: sympathoadrenal integration with skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 2015;224:R79-95.
  6. Melmed S, Park J, Hershman JM. Triiodothyronine induces a transferable factor which suppresses TSH secretion in cultured mouse thyrotropic tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981;98:1022-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(81)91213-4
  7. Miller PB, Forstein DA, Styles S. Effect of short-term diet and exercise on hormone levels and menses in obese, infertile women. J Reprod Med 2008;53:315-9.
  8. Weiss EP, Villareal DT, Racette SB, et al. Caloric restriction but not exercise-induced reductions in fat mass decrease plasma triiodothyronine concentrations: a randomized controlled trial. Rejuvenation Res 2008;11:605-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2007.0622
  9. Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Gendrisch G, et al. Trainingovertraining: a prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med 1991;12:444-52. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024711
  10. Wheeler GD, Singh M, Pierce WD, Epling WF, Cumming DC. Endurance training decreases serum testosterone levels in men without change in luteinizing hormone pulsatile release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:422-5. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-72-2-422
  11. Scharnhorst V, Valkenburg J, Vosters C, Vader H. Influence of preanalytical factors on the immulite intact parathyroid hormone assay. Clin Chem 2004;50:974-5. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.027912
  12. Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W. Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004;96:531-9. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00656.2003
  13. Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W. Influence of exercise duration on post-exercise steroid hormone responses in trained males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;94:505-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1380-x
  14. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 1974;37:247-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.37.2.247
  15. Beutler J, Schmid E, Fischer S, Hurlimann S, Konrad C. Sudden cardiac death during a city marathon run. Anaesthesist 2015;64:451-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-015-0043-5
  16. Noakes T. Hyponatremia in distance runners: fluid and sodium balance during exercise. Curr Sports Med Rep 2002;1:197-207. https://doi.org/10.1249/00149619-200208000-00003
  17. Vlachopoulos C, Kardara D, Anastasakis A, et al. Arterial stiffness and wave reflections in marathon runners. Am J Hypertens 2010;23:974-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2010.99
  18. Shin KA, Park KD, Ahn J, Park Y, Kim YJ. Comparison of changes in biochemical markers for skeletal muscles, hepatic metabolism, and renal function after three types of long-distance running: observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e3657. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003657
  19. Kim YJ, Shin YO, Lee JB, et al. The effects of running a 308 km ultra-marathon on cardiac markers. Eur J Sport Sci 2014;14 Suppl 1:S92-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.654267
  20. MacConnie SE, Barkan A, Lampman RM, Schork MA, Beitins IZ. Decreased hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in male marathon runners. N Engl J Med 1986;315:411-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198608143150702
  21. Kuusi T, Kostiainen E, Vartiainen E, et al. Acute effects of marathon running on levels of serum lipoproteins and androgenic hormones in healthy males. Metabolism 1984;33:527-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(84)90007-6
  22. McColl EM, Wheeler GD, Gomes P, Bhambhani Y, Cumming DC. The effects of acute exercise on pulsatile LH release in high-mileage male runners. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989;31:617-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01286.x
  23. Kupchak BR, Kraemer WJ, Hoffman MD, Phinney SD, Volek JS. The impact of an ultramarathon on hormonal and biochemical parameters in men. Wilderness Environ Med 2014;25:278-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2014.03.013
  24. Vasankari TJ, Kujala UM, Heinonen OJ, Huhtaniemi IT. Effects of endurance training on hormonal responses to prolonged physical exercise in males. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993;129:109-13. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1290109
  25. Moore AW, Timmerman S, Brownlee KK, Rubin DA, Hackney AC. Strenuous, fatiguing exercise: relationship of cortisol to circulating thyroid hormones. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2005;1:18-24.
  26. Hesse V, Vilser C, Scheibe J, Jahreis G, Foley T. Thyroid hormone metabolism under extreme body exercises. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1989;94:82-8.
  27. Hackney AC, Hodgdon JA, Hesslink R Jr, Trygg K. Thyroid hormone responses to military winter exercises in the Arctic region. Arctic Med Res 1995;54:82-90.
  28. Johannessen A, Hagen C, Galbo H. Prolactin, growth hormone, thyrotropin, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine responses to exercise after fat- and carbohydrate-enriched diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;52:56-61. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-52-1-56
  29. Semple CG, Thomson JA, Beastall GH. Endocrine responses to marathon running. Br J Sports Med 1985;19:148-51. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.3.148
  30. Hackney AC, Dobridge JD. Thyroid hormones and the interrelationship of cortisol and prolactin: influence of prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Endokrynol Pol 2009;60:252-7.