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Evaluation of Websites of Public Libraries of India under Ministry of Culture: A Webometric Analysis

  • Brahma, Krishna (Department of Library and Information Science, Mizoram University) ;
  • Verma, Manoj Kumar (Department of Library and Information Science, Mizoram University)
  • Received : 2017.12.08
  • Accepted : 2018.08.08
  • Published : 2018.09.30

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the domain authority, number of webpages, links, and calculate the web impact factor of six public libraries of India which are fully funded by Ministry of Culture with the supervision of administration. The data for the study were collected from websites of concerned libraries with the help of a suitable search engine, Open Site Explorer. The study found that the highest domain and page authority was recorded by Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library and National Library, respectively. It also further revealed that excepting the two libraries, i.e., Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library and Delhi Public Library, the internal equity-passing links and total internal links of rest of the libraries is zero. National Library leads with maximum total links and total equity-passing links, also with the highest followed linking root domains, total linking root domains, and linking C blocks, and concludes with the web impact factor of Central Secretariat Library recording the maximum, followed by National Library and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library.

Keywords

1. INTRODUCTION

Libraries are the local gateway to national and global knowledge and with the help of websites and the Internet, information is publicly available to all. People have become more in tune with the Internet, and the curiosity to access information as quickly and easily as possible has increased. Library websites are the primary source of information for finding information, for simply searching on the Internet is 
considered the easiest way rather than going to the library and finding books from the shelf. In the age of digitization, many libraries have transformed from traditional to digital libraries. Under the National Mission on Libraries, Ministry of Culture, the Government of India have taken the initiative to modernize and digitally link nearly 9,000 libraries across the country to provide access of books and information to potential readers (National Mission on Libraries). The aim of the mission is to transform India into a vibrant knowledge-based society. Culture plays an important role in the development agenda of any nation. The mandate of the Ministry of Culture revolves around functions like preservation and conservation of our cultural heritage and promotion of all forms of art and culture, both tangible and intangible. The functional spectrum of this ministry is wide, ranging from generating cultural awareness at a grassroots level to promoting cultural exchanges at an international 
level (Ministry of Culture).

The purpose of the present study is to examine the public libraries websites of India under Ministry of Culture and rank them based on web impact factor (WIF). It is all about exploring the present status of link pages, web pages, domain authority, and WIF of the six public libraries websites which are under administrative supervision. Webometrics is an interesting and ongoing area of research in the field of library and information science, as many studies on websites of academic institutions, libraries, organizations have been recorded for many years. The paper is set to identify the most highly visited website, to check out the number of root domains, web pages and authority, number of links, and WIF with the help of an optimization tool (Open Site Explorer), which is a search engine for links.

 

1.1. Webometrics

A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos, or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common uniform resource locator, often consisting of only the domain name or the IP address and the root path (‘/’) in an Internet protocol based network. A website is hosted on at least one web server accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network (Babu, Jeyshankar, & Rao, 2010). Bjorneborn and Ingwersen (2004) defined webometrics as “the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures, and technologies on the web, drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches.” This definition covers the construction side and usage side of the web, which embrace the following four main areas of webometrics study: (1) web page content analysis; (2) weblink structure analysis (e.g., hyperlink, self-link, and external link); (3) web usage analysis (e.g., exploiting log files for user searching and browsing behavior); and (4) web technology analysis (including search engine performance) (Bjorneborn & Ingwersen, 2004). WIF, introduced by Ingwersen (1998), may be defined as the number of web pages in a web site receiving links from other web sites, divided by the number of web pages published in the site that are accessible to the crawler (Ingwersen, 1998).

 

1.2. National Mission on Libraries

The National Knowledge Commission gave ten recommendations on libraries in its 2011 report. So based on these recommendations the Government of India started the National Mission on Libraries under the Indian Ministry of Culture, to which Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation, as a central agency for National Mission on Libraries for administrative, logistics, planning, and budgeting purposes, was launched by the Honourable President of India on 3 February 2014 (Ministry of Culture; National Mission on Libraries).

 

1.3. Public Libraries under the Ministry of Culture

The Ministry of Culture is the Indian government ministry charged with preservation and promotion of art and culture. The mission of the department is to preserve, promote, and disseminate all forms of art and culture. The Ministry of Culture exercises administrative supervision over six public libraries which are listed below.

 

1.3.1. The National Library

After the independence of India, the National Library of India was accorded as an Institution of National Importance in Article 62 in the 7th schedule of the union list of the constitution of India. It is the country’s largest library and the library of public record, established in 1948 and located at Kolkata, West Bengal.

 

1.3.2. The Rampur Raza Library at Rampur

This is one of the largest libraries in Asia, established in  1774 and located at Rampur, Uttar Pradesh. It is a repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage and a treasure house of knowledge which is now managed by the Government of India. The library occupies the position of an autonomous institution of national importance under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. 

 

1.3.3. The Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library

It is an autonomous institution fully funded by the Ministry of Culture, established in 1891 and located at Bihar. The Government of India declared the library an Institution of National Importance in 1969 by an act of parliament.

 

1.3.4. Delhi Public Library

It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture, established in 1951 and located at New Delhi. The library is a national depository library and the iggest library in Southeast Asia. 

 

1.3.5. The Central Secretariat Library

It is one of the oldest libraries of the Government of India, funded and administered by the Ministry of Culture, established in 1891 and located at Kolkata, West Bengal.

 

1.3.6. Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Sarasvati Mahal Library

It is one of the oldest libraries in Asia, situated within the campus of the Thanjavur Palace located at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The library started as a royal library for the private pleasure of the kings of Thanjavur, who ruled 1535 to 1675. Since 1918, the library has been a possession of the state of Tamil Nadu. In 1983, the library was declared as an Institution of National Importance.

 

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Lee and Teh (2001) have evaluated the content and design of 12 academic library websites of public and private institutions of higher learning in Malaysia and revealed that the academic libraries in Malaysia generally have set up well-designed and useful websites, a few of the academic library websites have very simple and basic features. Noruzi (2005) evaluated the WIFs for Iranian universities. The study used Alta Vista search engine and from its output, counts of links to the websites of Iranian universities were calculated. The study found that overall, university websites have a low inlink WIF, which shows a significant correlation between the proportion of English￾language pages at an institution’s site and the institution’s backlink counts. Qutab and Mahmood (2009) investigated the content of library websites in Pakistan and analyzed their navigational strengths and weaknesses. The authors surveyed 52 academic, special, public, and national libraries websites in Pakistan based on a 77-item checklist. The study found that no library website contained all items on the checklist, websites such as Government College University, Lahore University of Management Sciences, University of Punjab, Air University, University of Management Technology, Agha Khan University, Karachi, and Quaid-e￾Azam University, Islamabad have a good number of items included in the checklist, and two items in the checklist were not found on any library website. Joicy and Varghese (2011) evaluated the websites of research and development institutions in India and their study revealed that a majority of the R&D institutions in India provide informative links to contacts, copyright, news and events, Right to Information, and history, but a few websites provide opportunity for user interaction in the form of feedback, and a majority of the R&D institution websites are good for navigating and finding information.

Vijayakumar, Kannappanavar, and Kumar (2012) examined the web presence and links of SAARC countries. The authors used an advanced search facility, i.e., AltaVista for data collection and the study revealed that India recorded the maximum number of 14,10,00,000 webpages, 58,20,000 external links, 1,18,00,000 internal links, and 9,83,00,000 overall links, followed by Pakistan and Sri Lanka for overall links, countries which are maximally linked to the Indian domain are Pakistan (3,610), Sri Lanka (2,070), and Nepal (728), and Pakistan also occupied first place to get the maximum of 18,300 links from India comparatively from other SAARC countries. Based on the WIF of external links, Sri Lanka occupied first place with 0.06495, followed by Pakistan and Bhutan; the highest WIF for overall links was occupied by India with 0.6971 and also as per the WISER rank for SAARC countries. Mohamadesmaeil and Koohbanani (2012) studied the web usability evaluation of Iran National Library website. The authors applied library (attribute) method to develop a checklist of 11 criteria and 160 components, and features and also evaluation survey methods were applied too to assess the usability of the website. The study identified the elements that are important in the design of national library websites and indicated that the lowest amount of usability was 6 points for appearance and the highest was 156 points for navigation. Walia and Gupta (2012) conducted a study on WIF of select national libraries websites and their study revealed that among the selected national libraries, websites of national libraries of America, Australia, and Britain were more visible and hosted more content compared to the websites of India, Namibia, and South Africa. Thanuskodi (2012) conducted a webpage content analysis on selected Institutes of National Importance websites in India and revealed that only a few of the institute websites are up to date and the rest of the websites do not mention the time/date in their homepage; regarding general information about homepage features, more was found in IITs and less in both the institute i.e., Indian Statistical Institute and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Based on findings, Thanuskodi also suggested that institutes should provide more services like feedback and a sitemap to view the overall functions. Shukla and Tripathi (2014) investigated the backlinks of the Institutes of National Importance and Premier Management Institutions Library websites. The researchers retrieved backlinks by four search engines, Google, AlltheWeb, AltaVista, and Yahoo Site, and revealed that among four search engines, Yahoo Site Explorer is more reliable, and the index page/homepage of library websites attracts the highest number of backlinks over other web pages of library websites. Chakravarty and Wasan (2015) also analyzed the library websites of higher educational institutes of India in which Google search engine was used for the study, and they calculated the WIF and R-WIF of ten library websites and correlated both the formulas with Spearman’s Rank Correlation and found very little difference between the two ranking methods. Verma and Devi (2016) studied the web content and design trends of the Indian Institutes of Management libraries website, where they examined the information available on the library webpage of specific universities; as such a checklist was designed and library webpages were evaluated. Verma and Brahma (2017b) examined the selected library consortium websites in India by analyzing total numbers of webpages, domain authority, equity links, internal and external links and their WIF, and observed that e-ShodhSindhu and DeLCon consortiums are the most popular among the selected consortia of India. Verma and Brahma (2017c) also conducted a study on webometric analysis of selected non-profit organizations of Assam and have found that the Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research, Guwahati and AARANYAK is at the top rank among the selected non-profit organizations websites in Assam. Verma and Brahma (2017a) further conducted a study on webometric analysis of national libraries websites in South Asia and analyse the number of web pages and link pages, calculate the WIF of national libraries websites, and rank the websites as per the WIF. The study visualized that the WIF of National Library of India was the highest followed by National Library of Sri Lanka and National Library of Bhutan among the other national library websites.

 

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

  1. Analyze the uniform resource locator of public libraries 
    websites of India.
  2. Calculate the number of webpages and domain authority of public libraries websites of India.
  3. Examine the link-equity of public libraries websites of India. Find out the internal and external link pages of public 
  4. libraries websites of India.
  5. Calculate the WIF of public libraries websites of India.

 

4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the present study is limited to six public libraries of India under the Ministry of Culture as listed in Table 1.

 

Table 1. List of libraries of national importance

 

5. METHODOLOGY

For the present study, data were collected from the websites of six selected public libraries of India during 18-20 November 2017 by using a suitable search engine, i.e., Open Site Explorer (www.opensiteexplorer.org), that counts the number of pages in websites and number of pages linking to the websites. Open Site Explorer makes the gathering, sorting, and exporting of link data easier than ever. It is built 
with speed and accessibility at the forefront and provides a tremendous amount of information about the links to any page or site. The collected data were tabulated for exploration and findings of the study.

 

5.1. Method of Calculating WIF

Distribution of data by simple web impact factor (SWIF) has been calculated by the following formula:

\(\mathrm{SWIF = \frac{Total\ no.of\ links}{Total\ no.of\ webpages}}\)

Distribution of data by internal web impact factor (IWIF) has been calculated by the following formula:

\(\mathrm{IWIF = \frac{Total\ no.of\ internalf\ links}{Total\ no.of\ webpages}}\) 

Distribution of data by external web impact factor (EWIF) has been calculated by the following formula:

 

6. DATA ANALYSIS

6.1. Domain Authority and Page Authority

Table 2 indicates general information in the websites 
of public libraries under the Ministry of Culture which 
includes domain authority and page authority. Domain 
authority is a measure of the power of a domain name. It predicts the root domain’s ranking potential in search 
engines based on an algorithmic combination of all link 
metrics. It showed that the domain authority of The Khuda 
Baksh Oriental Public Library with 63 (24.60%) was the 
highest, followed by National Library with 56 (21.87%) and 
Rampur Raza Library at Rampur with 42 (16.40%). While a 
high page authority score means the page has the potential 
to rank well in search engine results, it predicts the page’s 
ranking potential in search engines based on an algorithmic 
combination of all link metrics. The page authority of 
National Library with 64 (21.62%) was highest, Khuda 
Baksh Oriental Public Library with 58 (19.59%) recorded 
second highest, and Rampur Raza Library at Rampur had 
52 (17.56%).

 

6.2. Internal Equity-Passing Links, External Equity-Passing Links, and Total Equity-Passing Links

Table 3 depicts the internal equity passing links, external equity-passing links, and total equity-passing links of websites of public libraries under the Ministry of Culture. The equity-passing links are the links which pass value from one page to another (from page A to page B). Internal equity-passing links are the links pointing to pages inside your website. Search engines generally consider passing ranking values. It was found that the internal equity￾passing links of Delhi Public Library has the highest links with 105 (94.59%) and the other five libraries are too low, resulting in Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with six links and the rest with zero links. On the other hand, based on the external equity-passing links, the National Library with 6,662 (28.70%) was recorded to be highest, followed by Central Secretariat Library with 6,067 (26.13%) and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 5,857 (25.23%). External equity-passing links are the links pointing from another domain to a page on your website. Search engines generally consider passing ranking values that come from external websites. That means the total equity-passing links of National Library with 6,662 (28.56%) scores is highest, Central Secretariat Library with 6,067 (26.01%) is at second, and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 5,863 (25.14%) is at third. Total equity-passing links are the total amount of equity-passing links.

 

Table 2. Domain authority and page authority

 

Table 3. Internal equity-passing links, external equity-passing links, and total equity-passing links

 

Table 4. Total internal links, total external links, and total links

 

6.3. Total Internal Links, Total External Links, and Total Links

Table 4 illustrates the total internal links, total external links, and total links of websites of public libraries under the Ministry of Culture. The internal links are the hyperlinks on a webpage to another web page resource such as an image or document on the same website or domain. The total internal links of Delhi Public Library scores maximum with 105 (81.39%), and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library has 24 (18.60%), leaving four other libraries with zero links, which indicates similar results with the above Table 3; whereas, the external links are hyperlinks that point at any domain other than the domain the link exists on (source). The total 
external links of National Library has the maximum links with 6,687 (28.74%), followed by Central Secretariat Library with 6,077 (26.12%) and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 5,865 (25.21%). It is clearly viewed that the total links (the total amount of links to a site and this would be all types of links) of National Library occupies top position with 6,687 (28.58%), Central Secretariat Library has 6,077 (25.97%) at second, and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 5,889 (25.17%) is at third. 

 

6.4. Followed Linking Root Domains, Total Linking Root Domains, and Linking C Blocks

Table 5 depicts the followed linking root domains, total linking root domains, and linking C blocks of websites of public libraries under the Ministry of Culture. Linking 
root domains are the number of unique domains linking to your domain or page. Followed linking root domain is a website that links to you. Total linking root domains are the number of web pages that link to you that include the followed linking root domains. Linking C blocks refers to the part of the IP address that is different. The table clearly shows that the followed linking root domains, total linking root domains, and linking C blocks of National Library are recorded to be on top with 139 (58.89%), 155 (58.49%), and 136 (59.91%) respectively, which is followed by Rampur Raza Library with 39 (16.52%), 41 (15.47%), and 32 14.09%) 
respectively, while third position was occupied by Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 27 (11.44%), 31 (11.69%), and 28 (12.33%) respectively.

 

Table 5. Followed linking root domains, total linking root domains, and linking C blocks

 

Table 6. Web impact factor

 

6.5. WIF

Table 6 explores the ranking of WIF of websites of public libraries under the Ministry of Culture by calculating the IWIF, EWIF, and SWIF. The WIF provides quantitative tools for ranking, evaluating, categorizing, and comparing web sites, top-level domains, and sub-domains. The WIF is a form of measurement used to determine the relative standing of web sites in particular fields or a country: for instance, academic web sites in a country. The higher the impact factor, the higher the perceived reputation of the web site (Noruzi, 2006). It is the number of webpages in a website receiving links from other websites, divided by the number of webpages published in the site, that is accessible to the crawler. The SWIF is the ratio of links to the number of pages. IWIF is the ratio of internal links within the site to the number of pages. EWIF is the ratio of links made from external sites to the target site, to the number of pages at the site. It visualized that the Central Secretariat Library has the maximum EWIF and SWIF with 121.54. The National 
Library occupies second place with 104.48 EWIF and SWIF. And the third position was occupied by Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 101.12 EWIF and 101.53 SWIF. The IWIF of Delhi Public Library is 2.23, while the rest of the IWIF libraries is zero. Hence, from the table it can be easily understood that the overall WIF of Central Secretariat Library recorded the highest, followed by National Library and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library. The lowest WIF was revealed from Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Sarasvati Mahal Library.

 

7. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

  1. It is found that the domain authority of Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library with 63 (24.60%) was the highest and the page authority of National Library with 64 (21.62%) was highest.
  2. The internal equity-passing links of Delhi Public Library leads with highest links (94.59%), while National Library of India leads with highest external equity-passing links (28.70%) and total equity-passing links (28.56%).
  3. The total internal links of Delhi Public Library secured the maximum with 105 (81.39%), whereas the National Library of India secured highest total equity external links (28.74%) and total links (28.58%).
  4. The followed linking root domains, total linking root domains and linking C blocks of National Library of India was recorded to be on top with 139 (58.89%), 155 (58.49%), and 136 (59.91%) respectively.
  5. The overall WIF of Central Secretariat Library (EWIF & SWIF=121.54) recorded the highest, followed by National Library (EWIF & SWIF=104.48) and Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library (EWIF=101.12 & SWIF=101.53). The lowest WIF was revealed from Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Sarasvati Mahal Library.

 

8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 

The Government of India have taken the initiative, i.e., National Mission on Libraries to modernize and digitally link public libraries across the country, in which six public libraries are given administrative supervision funded by the Ministry of Culture. This paper aims at knowing the present status of websites of public libraries under the Ministry of Culture and provides information regarding those selected public libraries’ websites. Websites and the Internet are an integral part of library service across the world, and to design websites to be attractive, more interactive, and more user friendly is the duty of the web designer. The quality and visibility of these selected public library websites is improving day by day as was proved from comparison with findings of a previous study (Jhamb & Ruhela, 2017) and this present study. It visualizes improvement in the findings which is good for the website score. The previous study shows that the highest domain authority of Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library was 62 and the page authority of National Library of India was 63, whereas the present study revealed that Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library’s domain authority is 63 and National Library of India’s page 
authority is 64. The previous study also found that the highest total equity-passing links and total links of National Library of India were 5,985 and 6,009 respectively, while the present study revealed 6,662 and 6,687 respectively. There is a difference in the result of then and now. The previous study’s findings also viewed that the Central Secretariat Library ranks first with highest EWIF as well as SWIF of 115.8 each, whereas the present study’s findings visualize that the Central Secretariat Library has the maximum EWIF and SWIF of 121.54. There is a difference of 5.74 increase in both EWIF and SWIF from the previous study to present study. The IWIF of Sarasvati Mahal Library ranks at the top with 23.25 in the previous study, but in the present study it is found to be zero and Delhi Public Library tops with the 
highest IWIF of 2.23.

This study will be helpful for the web designers of the institutions to make their websites more dynamic. In the same way, readers also will be able to compare and identify the most visited library websites. The findings showed that the overall WIF of Central Secretariat Library was ranked at the top position. It also revealed that the internal equity-passing links and total internal links of four libraries (National Library, Rampur Raza Library, Central Secretariat Library, and Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Sarasvati Mahal Library) have zero links, which is an indication of poor visibility. The IWIF of all the six libraries are not in a very good status, thus it is suggested to improve the internal links of respective library websites for its better accessibility and visibility and the library websites should be interlinked with each other to make the resources used at it is desired.

 

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