참고문헌
- Acikgoz Z, Yucel B, Altan O 2005 The effects of propolis supplementation on broiler performance and feed digestibility. Arch Geflugelk 69(3):117-122.
- AOAC 1984 Official Methods of Analysis. 4th ed. pages 1-45. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
- Aviagen 2014. Ross 308 broiler. Broiler performance objectives [Internet]. Available from: http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-308-Broiler-Nutrition-Specs-2014r17-EN.pdf
- Bancroft J, Stevens A 1996 Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. Churchill Livingstone, New York. Yayim tarihi 19.
- Baurhoo B, Phillip L, Ruiz-Feria C 2007 Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the ceca and litter of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 86(6):1070-1078. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1070
- Caspary WF 1992 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Intestinal Absorption. Oxford University Press.
- Donsbough A, Powell S, Waguespack A, Bidner T, Southern L 2010 Uric acid, urea, and ammonia concentrations in serum and uric acid concentration in excreta as indicators of amino acid utilization in diets for broilers. Poult Sci 89(2):287-294. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00401
- Fenton TW, Fenton M 1979 An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces. Can J Anim Sci 59(3):631-634. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas79-081
- Guri A, Kefalas P, Roussis V 2006 Antioxidant potential of six pine species. Phytother Res 20(4):263-266. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1848
- Heuer H, Smalla K 2007 Manure and sulfadiazine synergistically increased bacterial antibiotic resistance in soil over at least two months. Environ Microbiol 9(3):657-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01185.x
- JoRgensen H, Zhao XQ, Knudsen KEB, Eggum BO 1996 The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 75(3):379-395. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19960141
- Kim JG, Seo DJ, Yoon SL 2008 A study on the selective control of pine wilt disease and utilization of damaged trees. Pages 242-245. In: Proceeding of Korean Soc Forest Sci Conf.
- Kim JS, Chung HY 2011 Profiling of volatile components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in commercial pine needle (Pinus densiflora S. and Z.) powder. Prev Nutr Food Sci 16(1):45-54. https://doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2011.16.1.045
- Kim YJ, Kim CM, Choi JH, Choi IH 2012 Effect of dietary mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) and pine needle powder (Pinus densiflora) on growth performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality in broilers. Afr J Biotechnol 11(55):11998-12004.
- Kim YJ 2011 Effects of dietary supplementation of pine needle powder on carcass characteristics and blood cholesterol contents of broiler chicken. Korean J Poult Sci 38(1):51-57. https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2011.38.1.051
- Kim YS, Shin DH 2005 Volatile components and antibacterial effects of pine needle (Pinus densiflora S. and Z.) extracts. Food Microbiol 22(1):37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2004.05.002
- Lee E 2003 Effects of powdered pine needle (Pinus densiflora Seib et Zucc.) on serum and liver lipid composition and antioxidative capacity in rats fed high oxidized fat. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 32(6):926. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2003.32.6.926
- Lee H, Jeon H, Han JI, Kim YJ, Kim CH, Kim DY 2013 Unexplained perioperative hypotension in a patient treated with pine needle extract. Open J Anesthesiol 3(1):8. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojanes.2013.31003
- Murakami A, Sakamoto M, Natali M, Souza L, Franco J 2007 Supplementation of glutamine and vitamin E on the morphometry of the intestinal mucosa in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 86(3):488-495. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.3.488
- Nir I, Hillel R, Shefet G, Nitsan Z 1994 Effect of grain particle size on performance. 2. Grain texture interactions. Poult Sci 73(6):781-791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0730781
- Ofomaja A, Naidoo E, Modise S 2009 Removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution by pine and base modified pine cone powder as biosorbent. J Hazard Mater 168(2-3):909-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.106
- Pfister JA, Adams DC, Wiedmeier RD, Cates RG 1992 A adverse effects of pine needles on aspects of digestive performance in cattle. J Range Manage 45:528-533. https://doi.org/10.2307/4002565
- Pourabedin M, Zhao X 2015 Prebiotics and gut microbiota in chickens. FEMS Microbiol Letters 362.
- Ravindran V, Wu Y, Thomas D, Morel P 2006 Influence of whole wheat feeding on the development of gastrointestinal tract and performance of broiler chickens. Aust J Agric Res 57(1):21-26. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR05098
- Smullen J, Koutsou G, Foster H, Zumbé A, Storey D 2007 The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 41(5):342-349. https://doi.org/10.1159/000104791
- Starck JM 1999 Phenotypic flexibility of the avian gizzard: Rapid, reversible and repeated changes of organ size in response to changes in dietary fibre content. J Exp Biol 202(22):3171-3179.
- Svihus B 2011 The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World's Poult Sci J 67(2):207-224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933911000249
- Wager-Page SA, Mason JR, Aronov E, Epple G 1995 The role of sensory cues and feeding context in the mediation of pine-needle oil's repellency in prairie voles. In: Proceeding National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference.
- Xu Z, Hu C, Xia M, Zhan X, Wang M 2003 Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poult Sci 82(6):1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.6.1030
- Yang Y, Iji PA, Choct M 2009 Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poult Sci J 65(1):97-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933909000087
- Zeng Z, Zhang S, Wang H, Piao X 2015 Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: A review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 6(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0004-5