Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Soil stabilization by ground bottom ash and red mud

  • Kim, Youngsang (Department of Civil Engineering, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Dang, My Quoc (Department of Civil Engineering, Nha Trang University) ;
  • Do, Tan Manh (Department of Civil Engineering, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology) ;
  • Lee, Joon Kyu (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Seoul)
  • Received : 2017.04.05
  • Accepted : 2018.07.09
  • Published : 2018.09.20
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper presents results of a compressive investigation conducted on weathered soil stabilized with ground bottom ash (GBA) and red mud (RM). The effects of water/binder ratio, RM/GBA ratio, chemical activator (NaOH and $Na_2SiO_3$) and curing time on unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soils were examined. The results show that the water/binder ratio of 1.2 is optimum ratio at which the stabilized soils have the maximum compressive strength. For 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of soils stabilized with alkali-activated GBA and RM varies between 1.5 MPa and 4.1 MPa. The addition of GBA, RM and chemical activators enhanced strength development and the rate of strength improvement was more significant at the later age than at the early age. The potential environmental impacts of stabilized soils were also assessed. The chemical property changes of leachate from stabilized soils were analyzed in terms of pH and concentrations of hazardous elements. The observation revealed that the soil mixture with ground bottom ash and red mud proved environmentally safe.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

References

  1. Alam, S., Das, S.K. and Rao, B.H. (2017), "Characterization of coarse fraction of red mud as a civil engineering construction material", J. Clean. Prod., 168(1), 679-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.210
  2. ASTM (2012), Standard Test Methods for pH of Water, D1293-12, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  3. ASTM (2016), Standard Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry, D5673-16, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  4. ASTM (2016), Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, D2166-16, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  5. ASTM (2016), Standard Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability Apparatus, C204-16, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  6. Consoli, N.C., Heineck, K.S., Coop, M.R., Fonseca, A.V. and Ferreira, C. (2007), "Coal bottom ash as a geomaterial: Influence of particle morphology on the behavior of granular materials", Soil. Found., 47(2), 361-373. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.361
  7. Davidovits, J. (1994), "Properties of geopolymer cements", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, Kiev, Ukraine.
  8. Duxson, P., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Palomo, A. and Van Deventer, J. (1994), "Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art", J. Mater. Sci., 42(9), 2917-2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
  9. Gullu, H. (2014), "Factorial experimental approach for effective dosage rate of stabilizer: application for fine-grained soil treated with bottom ash", Soil. Found., 54(3), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.017
  10. Gupta, D. and Kumar A. (2017), "Stabilized soil incorporating combinations of rice husk ash, pond ash and cement", Geomech. Eng., 12(1), 85-109. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.1.085
  11. Hardjito, D., Wallah, S., Sumajouw, D. and Rangan, B. (2005), "On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete", ACI Mater. J., 101(6), 467-472.
  12. Jaturapitakkul, C. and Cheerarot, R. (2003), "Development of bottom ash as pozzolanic material", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 15(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:1(48)
  13. Kalkan, E. (2006), "Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for the preparation of clay liners", Eng. Geol., 87(3-4), 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.002
  14. Kim, Y. and Do, T. (2012), "Effect of bottom ash particle size on strength development in composite geomaterial", Eng. Geol., 139-140(22), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.012
  15. Kim, Y., Dang, M. and Do, T. (2016), "Studies on compressive strength of sand stabilized by alkali-activated ground bottom ash and cured at the ambient conditions", Int. J. Geo-Eng., 7, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-016-0029-4
  16. Liu, D. and Wu, C. (2000), "Stockpiling and compressive utilization of red mud research progress", Mater., 5(7), 1232-1246.
  17. Liu, X. and Zhang, N. (2011), "Utilization of red mud in cement production: a review", Waste Manage. Res., 29(10), 1053-1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X11407653
  18. Lopez, E.L., Vega-Zamanillo, A., Perez, M.A.C. and Hernandez-Sanz, A. (2005), "Bearing capacity of bottom ash and its mixture with soils", Soil. Found., 55(3), 529-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.005
  19. MOE (2015), Maximum Contamination Level for Drinking Wwater, Water Resources Management Information System, Minstry of Environment, Seoul, Korea.
  20. Mofarrah, A., Husain, T. and Danish, E.Y. (2012), "Investigation of the potential use of heavy oil fly ash as stabilized fill material for construction", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 24(6), 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000442
  21. Mohanty, S.K., Pradhan, P.K. and Monhanty, C.R. (2017), "Stabilization of expansive soil using industrial wastes", Geomech. Eng., 12(1), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.1.111
  22. Newson, T., Dyer, T., Adam, C. and Sharp, S. (2006), "Effect of structure on the geotechnical properties of bauxite residue", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(143)
  23. Panda, I., Jain, S., Das, S.K. and Jayabalan, R. (2017), "Characterization of red mud as a structural fill and embankment material using bioremediation", Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 119, 368-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.11.026
  24. Razak, H., Naganathan, S. and Hamid, S. (2009), "Performance appraisal of industrial waste incineration bottom ash as controlled low-strength material", J. Hazard. Mater., 172(2-3), 862-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.070
  25. Rout, S.K., Sahoo, T. and Das, S.K. (2013), "Design of tailings dam using red mud", Cent. Eur. J. Eng., 3(2), 316-328.
  26. Sathonsaowaphak, A., Chindaprasirt, P. and Pimraksa, K. (2009), "Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar", J. Hazard. Mater., 168(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.120
  27. Senff, L., Modolo, R.C.E., Silva, A.S., Ferreira, V.M., Hotza, D. and Labrincha, J.A. (2014), "Influence of red mud addition on rheological behaviors and hardened properties of mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 65(29), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.104
  28. Tastan, E.O., Edil, T.B., Benson, C.H. and Aydilek, A.H. (2011), "Stabilization of organic soils with fly ash", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 137(9), 819-833. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000502
  29. USEPA (1993), Maximum Contamination Level Goal for Trace Inorganic Chemical in Drinking Water, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  30. Wang, K., Mishulovich, A. and Shah, S.P. (2007), "Activations and properties of cementitious materials made with cement-kiln dust and class F fly ash", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 19(1), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:1(112)
  31. Xu, H. and Van Deventer, J.S. (2000), "The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals", Int. J. Miner. Proc., 59(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00074-5
  32. Yahya, Z., Abdullah, M., Hussin, K., Ismail, K., Razak, R. and Sandu, A. (2015), "Effect of solids-to-liquids, $Na_2SiO_3$-to-NaOH and curing temperature on the palm oil boiler ash (Si+Ca) geopoly-merisation system", Mater., 8(5), 2227-2242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8052227
  33. Yoon, S., Balunaini, U., Yildirim, I.Z., Prezzi, M. and Siddiki, N.Z. (2009), "Construction of an embankment with a fly and bottom ash mixture: Field performance study", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 21(6), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:6(271)

Cited by

  1. Stabilization of lateritic soil by ladle furnace slag for pavement subbase material vol.26, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.26.4.323