DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Predictors of One-Year Mortality in Smokers with Acute Myocardial Infarction

흡연을 하는 급성 심근경색증 환자에서 일년 후 사망 예측인자

  • Seol, Soo Young (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Jeong, Myung Ho (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Seung Hun (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Sohn, Seok-Joon (Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Kim, Min Chul (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Sim, Doo Sun (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Hong, Young Joon (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Ju Han (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Ahn, Youngkeun (The Heart Center, Chonnam National University Hospital) ;
  • Cho, Myeong Chan (Department of Cardiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Chong Jin (Department of Cardiology, Kyunghee University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Young Jo (Department of Cardiology, Yeungnam University Hospital)
  • 설수영 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 정명호 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 이승헌 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 손석준 (전남대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 김민철 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 심두선 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 홍영준 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 김주한 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 안영근 (전남대학교병원 심장센터) ;
  • 조명찬 (충북대학교병원 심장내과) ;
  • 김종진 (경희대학교병원 심장내과) ;
  • 김영조 (영남대학교병원 심장내과)
  • Received : 2017.08.20
  • Accepted : 2017.10.26
  • Published : 2018.08.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: It is well known that smoking is associated with clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this study, we aimed to predict the one-year mortality in AMI patients that smoked. Methods: Of the AMI patients who were enrolled in the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health study, 5,110 were current smokers ($57.1{\pm}11.6$ years, male 95%), and these patients were included in the present study. Patients were divided into two groups; group I (survival group, n = 4,844, $56.5{\pm}11.3$ years, male 95%) and group II (deceased group, n = 266, male 88%). Clinical characteristics, coronary angiographic findings, procedural characteristics, and independent factors related to one-year mortality were analyzed. Results: In group II, the incidence of hypertension and diabetes were significantly higher than in group I, and the patients were significantly older. Patients with history of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and heart failure were significantly more common in group II than in group I. Smoking duration and pack-years of smoking were also significantly longer in group II than in group I. Multivariate analysis revealed that creatine > 2 mg/dL, left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, Killip class ${\geq}II$, age ${\geq}65$ years, and post-percutaneous coronary intervention thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (post-PCI TIMI) flow ${\leq}II$ were independent factors of mortality during the one-year follow-up. Conclusions: The predictors of one-year mortality in AMI patients with smoking were renal and left ventricular dysfunction, high Killip class, old age, and low post-PCI TIMI flow.

목적: 흡연은 관상동맥 질환의 위험인자로 잘 알려져 있으며, 흡연을 하는 급성 심근경색증 환자에서 임상적 특성을 파악하고 일년 후 사망 예측인자를 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 2011년 11월부터 2015년 12월까지 KAMIR-NIH에 등록된 13,104예 중 흡연을 하는 5,110예($57.1{\pm}11.6$세, 남성 95%)를 대상으로 하였다. 그중 흡연자 중에서 생존한 급성 심근경색증 환자를 I군 4,844예($56.5{\pm}11.3$세, 남자 95.3%), 사망한 급성 심근경색증 환자를 II군 266예($68.9{\pm}12.5$세, 남자 88.3%)로 분류하여, 각 군 간의 임상적 특징과 관상동맥 조영술 소견 및 1년 사망률과 관련된 사망 예측인자를 분석하였다. 결과: 사망한 흡연자 그룹은 65세 이상의 고령자가 많았으며, 고혈압, 당뇨병의 유병률이 유의하게 높았다. II군은 흡연 기간과 흡연 갑년에서 I군에 비하여 유의하게 많았다. 다변량 분석 결과 1년 추적 관찰 기간 중 사망사건 발생의 독립적인 인자는 creatine 2 mg/dL 이상, 좌심실구혈률 40% 미만, Killip class II 이상의 높은 Killip class, 65세 이상 고령, 관상동맥중재술 후 TIMI flow II 이하의 낮은 TIMI flow였다. 결론: 흡연을 하는 급성 심근경색증 환자에서 1년 후 유의한 사망 예측인자는 65세 이상의 고령, 신장 기능 장애, 좌심 실구혈률 저하, 높은 Killip class, 관상동맥중재술 후 TIMI flow 2 이하였다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

References

  1. Bullen C. Impact of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular risk and disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008;6:883-895. https://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.6.6.883
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses--United States, 2000-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:1226-1228.
  3. He J, Vupputuri S, Allen K, et al. Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease--a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. N Engl J Med 1999;340:920-926. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199903253401204
  4. Pechacek TF, Babb S. How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke. BMJ 2004;328:980-983. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7446.980
  5. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation 2005;111:2684-2698. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215
  6. Sim DS, Jeong MH. Differences in the Korea acute myocardial infarction registry compared with western registries. Korean Circ J 2017;47:811-822. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2017.0027
  7. Kirtane AJ, Kelly CR. Clearing the air on the "smoker's paradox". J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1116-1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.012
  8. Ali SF, Smith EE, Bhatt DL, Fonarow GC, Schwamm LH. Paradoxical association of smoking with in-hospital mortality among patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000171.
  9. Pollock JS, Hollenbeck RD, Wang L, Janz DR, Rice TW, McPherson JA. A history of smoking is associated with improved survival in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2014;85:99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.08.275
  10. Angeja BG, Kermgard S, Chen MS, et al. The smoker's paradox: insights from the angiographic substudies of the TIMI trials. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2002;13:133-139. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020470721977
  11. Gennaro G, Brener SJ, Redfors B, et al. Effect of smoking on infarct size and major adverse cardiac events in patients with large anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from the INFUSE-AMI Trial). Am J Cardiol 2016;118:1097-1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.07.019
  12. Kim JH, Chae SC, Oh DJ, et al. Multicenter cohort study of acute myocardial infarction in Korea - Interim analysis of the Korea acute myocardial infarction registry-National Institutes of Health Registry. Circ J 2016;80:1427-1436. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0061
  13. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF task force for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2525-2538. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm355
  14. Scanlon PJ, Faxon DP, Audet AM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary angiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography). Developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1756-1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00126-6
  15. Kini AS. Coronary angiography, lesion classification and severity assessment. Cardiol Clin 2006;24:153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2006.04.002
  16. Jeong MH. Can time delay be shortened in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction?: experience from Korea acute myocardial infarction registry. Kor J Med 2010;78:582-585.
  17. Lee HO, Jang SJ, Kim IS, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction-on the basis of 65 years. Kor Contents J 2014;14:251-261. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.05.251
  18. Statistics Korea 2014 Annual report on the cause of death statics [Internet]. Korea: Statictics Korea [cited 2015 Sep 23]. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=348539&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&amSeq=&sTarget=title&sTxt=사망원인통계.
  19. Kook HY, Jeong MH, Oh S, et al. Current trend of acute myocardial infarction in Korea (from the Korea acute myocardial infarction registry from 2006 to 2013). Am J Cardiol 2014;114:1817-1822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.09.019
  20. DeGeare VS, Stone GW, Grines L, et al. Angiographic and clinical characteristics associated with increased in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous intervention (a pooled analysis of the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction trials). Am J Cardiol 2000;86:30-34.
  21. Kodaira M, Miyata H, Numasawa Y, et al. Effect of smoking status on clinical outcome and efficacy of clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome. Circ J 2016;80:1590-1599. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0032
  22. Gerber Y, Rosen LJ, Goldbourt U, et al. Smoking status and long-term survival after first acute myocardial infarction a population-based cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2382-2387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.020
  23. Gupta T, Kolte D, Khera S, et al. Smoker's paradox in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003370. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003370
  24. Naylor CD, Chen E. Population-wide mortality trends among patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction: the Ontario experience, 1981 to 1991. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1431-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)90136-8
  25. Kim SY, Han JY, Kim YJ, et al. Long term survival rate and prognostic factors of acute myocardial infarction. Korean Circ J 1999;29:14-21. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.1999.29.1.14
  26. Chen KY, Rha SW, Li YJ, et al. 'Smoker's paradox' in young patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012;39:630-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05721.x
  27. Bae EH, Lim SY, Cho KY, et al. GFR and cardiovascular outcomes after acute myocardial infarction: results from the Korea acute myocardial infarction registry. Am J Kidney Dis 2012;59:795-802. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.01.016
  28. Choi JS, Kim CS, Bae EH, et al. Predicting outcomes after myocardial infarction by using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation in comparison with the modification of diet in renal disease study equation: results from the Korea acute myocardial infarction registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:3868-3874. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs344
  29. Choi JS, Kim MJ, Kang YU, et al. Association of age and CKD with prognosis of myocardial infarction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:939-944. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06930712
  30. Zaret BL, Wackers FJ, Terrin ML, et al. Value of radionuclide rest and exercise left ventricular ejection fraction in assessing survival of patients after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results of Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II study. The TIMI Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)00146-Q
  31. Kontos MC, Jamal S, Tatum JL, Ornato JP, Jesse RL. Predictive power of systolic function and congestive heart failure in patients with patients admitted for chest pain without ST elevation in the troponin era. Am Heart J 2008;156:329-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.03.013
  32. Davies CH, Ormerod OJ. Failed coronary thrombolysis. Lancet 1998;351:1191-1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11198-9