Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue (한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제)

Korean Psychological Association of Culture and Social Issues (한국문화및사회문제심리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of perceived gender discrimination on belief in a just world: Gender collective self-esteem as a moderator

성차별경험이 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음에 미치는 영향: 성별집단자존감을 조절요인으로

  • Received : 2018.07.02
  • Accepted : 2018.08.27
  • Published : 2018.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender collective self-esteem would moderate the relationship between perceived gender discrimination and belief in a just world (BJW) after controling the effect of personal self-esteem. For this, we measured perceived gender discrimination, personal self-esteem, gender collective self-esteem, and BJW in a sample of 300 women and conducted hierarchical regression analysis. The results revealed that, after controlling the effect of personal self-esteem, gender collective self-esteem moderated the association between perceived gender discrimination and BJW. That is, as gender collective self-esteem became greater, the negative effect of perceived gender discrimination on BJW decreased. In addition, we tested if four aspects of gender collective self-esteem (e.g. membership, private, public, identity) moderated the relationship between perceived gender discrimination and BJW. It was found that all of the four aspects except identity had significant moderating effects. Finally, we discussed limitations, suggestions for future research and clinical implications.

본 연구에서는 개인자존감을 통제한 상태에서 성별집단자존감이 성차별경험과 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음(Belief in a just world; 이하 BJW)간의 관계를 조절하는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 수도권에 거주하는 300명의 일반 여성을 대상으로 성차별경험, 개인자존감, 성별집단자존감, BJW를 측정하였고, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 개인자존감을 통제한 상태에서, 성별집단자존감이 성차별경험과 BJW간의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 성별집단자존감이 높을수록, 성차별경험이 BJW에 미치는 부정적 영향이 감소하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 성별집단자존감의 하위유형(멤버쉽, 사적, 공적, 정체성)이 각각 성차별경험과 BJW 간의 관계를 조절하는지 살펴보았는데, 그 결과, 정체성을 제외한 나머지 하위유형의 조절효과가 유의한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 한계점, 후속연구를 위한 제언, 그리고 상담적 함의를 논의하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김민정, 현명호 (2010). 스트레스, 사회적지지 및 자아존중감과 남성 화병 증상의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 15(1), 19-33.
  2. 김은하, 김수용 (2017). 정당한 세상에 대한 개인적인 믿음이 일반 성인들의 우울 증상에 미치는 영향: 내외통제성을 통한 공동체의식. 상담학연구, 18(1), 1-22.
  3. 김은하, 김지수, 박한솔, 김도연, 김수용 (2017). 직장 내 성차별 경험, 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음, 우울에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 22(4), 643-667,
  4. 김이삭 (2017). '한국 성평등' 수준 118위...올해도 하위권 못 면해. 한국일보. 2017.11.02.
  5. 김성범, 김진숙 (2011). 사관후보생의 스트레스와 우울 및 자아존중감의 관계. 상담학연구, 12(6), 1915-1933.
  6. 김수한, 신동은(2014). 기업내 여성관리자의 성차별 및 성희롱 경험. 한국사회학회 사회학대학 논문집, 12, 149-167.
  7. 김지경, 박수애, 이훈구 (1999). 개인자아준중감과 집단지위가 집단자아존중감에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 13(1), 53-64.
  8. 김혜숙 (1993). 한국 집단자아존중 척도. 한국심리학회 학술대회 자료집, 1993(1), 289-301.
  9. 박용두, 이기학 (2008). 사회적지지, 자존감, 진로포부간의 성차 모형 검증. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 13(3), 263-282.
  10. 박지현, 탁진국 (2008). 여성종업원의 직장 내 성차별 지각이 경력몰입과 이직의도에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 22(2), 245-263.
  11. 안상수, 김금미 (2010). 성별 관련 조직 요인들이 조직 성과에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 15(2), 285-309.
  12. 오현규, 김화연, 박성민 (2016). 한국여성근로자의 성차별 인식에 관한 연구. 한국행정논집, 28(2), 307-328.
  13. 원숙연, 최윤희 (2015). 조직 내 성차별 인식에 있어서 성별 집단자존감의 영향력. 지방정부연구, 19(1), 1-18.
  14. 유두련 (2014). 개인자아존중감과 집단자아존중감에 따른 친환경적태도와 처분행동에 관한 연구-대학생 집단을 중심으로. 소비자문제연구, 45(3), 183-206.
  15. 유명순 (2016). 사회정신 불건강의 조건과 맥락. 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 학회 세미나.
  16. 이주일, 유 경 (2010). 직장-가정 갈등의 세대차이와 직장-가정 갈등이 행복에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 23(3), 471-503.
  17. 장재윤, 김혜숙 (2003). 직장-가정간 갈등이 삶의 만족 및 직무 태도에 미치는 효과에 있어서의 성차. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 9(1), 23-42.
  18. 최미례, 이인혜 (2003). 스트레스와 우울의 관계에 대한 자아존중감의 중재효과와 매개효과. 한국심리학회, 22(2), 363-383.
  19. 한국여성민우회 (2017). 2017년 성차별 보고서.
  20. 한유화, 정진경 (2007). 2요인 자아존중감 척도. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 21(4), 117-131.
  21. Armenta, B. E., Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., & Jacobson, R. P. (2011). The relation between ethnic group attachment and prosocial tendencies: The mediating role of cultural values. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 107-115.
  22. Bettencourt B., A. & Dorr, N. (1997). Collective self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between allocentrism and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(9), 955-964.
  23. Bourhis, R. Y., Sachdev, I., & Gagnon, A. (1997). Interdependence, social identity, and discrimination. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & A. Haslam (Eds.), The Social Psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 273-295). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  24. Burke, R. J., Mikkelson, A. (2005). Gender differences in policing: Signs of progress? Employee Relations, 27(4), 425-436.
  25. Cassidy, C., O'Connor, R. C., Howe, C. & Warden, D. (2004). Perceived discrimination and psychological distress: The role of personal and ethnic self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 329-339.
  26. Chen, H-J., Mallinckrodt, B., & Mobley, M. (2003). Attachment patterns of East Asian international students and sources of social support as moderators of the impact of U.S. racism and cultural distress. Asian Journal of Counseling, 9, 27-48.
  27. Choma, B, Hafter, C., Crosby, F., & Foster, M. (2012). Perceptions of personal sex discrimination: The role of belief in a just world and situational ambiguity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(5), 568-585.
  28. Corning, A. F. (2002). Self-esteem as a moderator between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 117-126.
  29. Correia, I., Kamble, S. V., & Dalbert, C. (2009). Belief in a just world and well-being of bullies, victims, and defenders: A study with Portuguese and Indian students. Anxiety, Stress, Coping, 22(5), 497-508.
  30. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60-67.
  31. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513.
  32. Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the personal belief in a just world scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12(2), 79-98.
  33. Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: Dealing with challenges and critical life events. New York: Plenum.
  34. Deng, D., Kim, S. Y., Vaughan, P. W., & Li, J. (2010). Cultural orientation as a moderator of the relationship between Chinese American adolescents' discrimination experiences and delinquent behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(9), 1027-1040.
  35. Dzuka, J., & Dalbert, C. (2007). Student violence against teachers: Teachers' well-being and the belief in a just world. European Psychologist, 12(4), 253-260.
  36. Feng, D., & Xu, L. (2015). The relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among Chinese pulmonary tuberculosis patients: The moderating role of self-esteem. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 20(2), 177-185.
  37. Fischer, A. R., & Holz, K. B. (2007). Perceived discrimination and women's psychological distress: The roles of collective and personal self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(2), 154-164.
  38. Fischer, A. R., & Holz, K. B. (2010). Testing a model of women's personal sense of justice, control, well-being, and distress in the context of sexist discrimination. Psychology of women Quarterly, 34(3), 297-310.
  39. Fischer, A. R., & Shaw, C. M. (1999). African American's mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 395-407.
  40. Foley, S., Hang-Yue, N., & Wong, A. (2005). Perceptions of discrimination and justice. Are there gender differences in outcomes? Group & Organizational Management, 30(4). 421-450.
  41. Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1991). Life stressors, personal and social resources, and depression: A 4-year structural model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(1), 31-38.
  42. Jiang, F., Yue, Z., Lu, S., Yu, G., & Zhu, F. (2016). How belief in a just world benefits mental health: The effects of optimism and gratitude. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 411-423.
  43. Jost, J. T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260-265.
  44. Kaiser, C. R., Major, B., & McCoy, S. K. (2004). Expectations about the future and the emotional consequences of perceiving prejudice. Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(2), 173-184.
  45. Katz, J., Joiner, T. E., & Kwon, P. (2002). Membership in a devalued social group and emotional well-being: Developing a model of personal self-esteem, collective self-esteem, and group socialization. Sex Roles, 47(9-10), 419-431.
  46. Kim, E., & Shim, J. (2016). The effects of sex roles in family on work-family conflict. Public Policy Review, 30(4), 323-347.
  47. Kira, I. A., Shuweikh, H., Kucharska, J., Abu-Ras, W., & Bujold-Bugeaud, M. (2017). The dynamics underlying the negative mental health effects of gender discrimination in two samples: Poland and Egypt. Current Psychology, 1-15.
  48. Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1995). The schedule of sexist events. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16(4), 439-470.
  49. Kong, D. T. (2016). Ethnic minorities' paranoia and self-preservative work behaviors in response to perceived ethnic discrimination, with collective self-esteem as a buffer. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(3), 334-351.
  50. Lee, R. M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian-Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 133-141
  51. Lench, H. C., & Chang, E. S. (2007). Belief in an unjust world: When beliefs in a just world fail. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 126-135.
  52. Liang, C. T. H., & Borders, A. (2012). Unjust world beliefs: Their influence on the psychological outcomes of perceived racial discrimination. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 528-533.
  53. Liang C. T. H., & Fassinger, R. E. (2008). The role of collective self-esteem for Asian Americans experiencing racism-related stress: A test of moderator and mediator hypotheses. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(1), 19-28.
  54. Lipkus, I. (1991). The construction and preliminary validation of a global belief in a just world scale and the exploratory analysis of the multidimensional belief in a just world scale. Personality and Social Differences, 12, 1171-1178.
  55. Lipkus, I., M., & Siegler, I. C. (1993). The belief in a just world and perceptions of discrimination. The Journal of Psychology, 127(4), 465-474.
  56. Liu, X., & Zhao, J. (2016). Chinese migrant adolescents' perceived discrimination and psychological well-being: The moderating roles of group identity and the type of school. Plos One 11(1), 1-17.
  57. Lucas, T. (2009). Justifying outcomes versus processes: Procedural and distributive justice beliefs as predictors of positive and negative affectivity. Current Psychology, 28(4), 249-265.
  58. Lucas, T., Alexander, S., Firestone, I. J., & Lebreton, J. M. (2007). Development and initial validation of a procedural and distributive just world measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 71-82.
  59. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 60-67.
  60. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.
  61. Moradi, B., & Subich, L. M. (2003). A concomitant examination of the relations of perceived racist and sexist events to psychological distress for African American women. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(4), 451-469.
  62. Moradi, B., & Hasan, N. T. (2004). Arab American persons' reported experiences of discrimination and mental health: The mediating roles of personal control. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 418-428.
  63. Morten, G., & Atkinson, D. R. (1983). Minority identity development and preference for counselor race. The Journal of Negro Education, 52(2), 156-161.
  64. Mossakowski, K. N. (2003). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 318-331.
  65. Nadal, K. L. (2009). Preventing racial, ethnic, gender, sexual minority, disability and religious microaggressions. Recommendations for promoting positive mental health. Prevention in Counseling Psychology: Theory, Research, Practice, & Training, 2, 22-27.
  66. Noh, S., Baiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, F., & Rummens, J. (1999). Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: A study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 193-207.
  67. Okechukwu, C. A., Souze, K., Davis, K. D., & Castro de, A. B. (2014). Discrimination, harrassment, abuse, and bullying in the workplace: Contribution of workplace injustice to occupational health disparities. International Journal of Individual Medicine, 57(5), 573-586.
  68. Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgements of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 550-561.
  69. Otto, K., & Dalbert, C. (2005). Belief in a just world and its functions for young prisoners. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(6), 559-573.
  70. Poon, K-T., & Chen, Z. (2014). When injustice surrenders: The effect of just-world beliefs on aggression following ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 101-112.
  71. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  72. Sanchez, F. J., & Vilain, E. (2009). Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-female trans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 202-209.
  73. Schaafsma, J. (2013). Through the lens of justice: Just world beliefs mediate relationship between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(4), 450-458.
  74. Shen, J. L., Liu, X., Zhao, J. X., & Shi, B. G. (2015). The psychological development of Chinese left-behind children and migrant children in urbanization process. Psychological Development and Education, 31(1), 108-116.
  75. Stroebe, K., Postmes, T., Tauber, S., Stegeman, A., & John, M-S.(2015). Belief in a just what? Demystifying just world belief by distinguishing sources of justice. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1-30.
  76. Sue, D. W., Bucceri, J., Lin, A. I., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, G. C. (2007). Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 72-81.
  77. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. P., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggression in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.
  78. Torres, L., Yznaga, S. D., & Moore, K. M. (2011). Discrimination and Latino psychological distress: The moderating role of ethnic identity exploration and commitment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(4), 526-534.
  79. Wei, M., Ku, T. Y., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Liao, K. Y. (2008). Moderating effects of three coping strategies and self-esteem on perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: A minority stress model for Asian international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), 451-462.
  80. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables. Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Newbury, Park, CA: Sage.
  81. Yip, T., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008). Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 787-800.
  82. Yu, Z., Zhou, Z., Fan, G., Yu, Y., & Peng, J. (2014). Collective and individual self-esteem mediate the effect of self-construals on subjective well-being of undergraduate students in China. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 209-219.
  83. Zhang, Z., & Zhang, J. (2015). Belief in a just world mediates the relationship between institutional trust and life satisfaction among the elderly in China. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 164-169.