References
- Roberts CK, Sindhu KK. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 2009;84:705-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.026
- Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
- Schwertner HA, Vitek L. Gilbert syndrome, UGT1A1*28 allele, and cardiovascular disease risk: possible protective effects and therapeutic applications of bilirubin. Atherosclerosis. 2008;198:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.01.001
- Erdogan D, Gullu H, Yildirim E, Tok D, Kirbas I, Ciftci O, et al. Low serum bilirubin levels are independently and inversely related to impaired flow-mediated vasodilation and increased carotid intima-media thickness in both men and women. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184:431-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.011
- Perlstein TS, Pande RL, Beckman JA, Creager MA. Serum total bilirubin level and prevalent lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:166-172.
- Perlstein TS, Pande RL, Creager MA, Weuve J, Beckman JA. Serum total bilirubin level, prevalent stroke, and stroke outcomes: NHANES 1999-2004. Am J Med. 2008;121:781-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.045
- Li M, Kim DH, Tsenovoy PL, Peterson SJ, Rezzani R, Rodella LF, et al. Treatment of obese diabetic mice with a heme oxygenase inducer reduces visceral and subcutaneous adiposity, increases adiponectin levels, and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2008;57:1526-1535. https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-1764
- Jo J, Yun JE, Lee H, Kim H, Jee SH. Total, direct, and indirect serum bilirubin concentrations and metabolic syndrome among the Korean population. Endocrine. 2011;39:182-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-010-9417-2
- Li XH, Lin HY, Guan LY, Peng H, Wen MM, Cao YQ, et al. Direct bilirubin levels and risk of metabolic syndrome in healthy Chinese men. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9621615.
- Oda E, Aizawa Y. Total bilirubin is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome but not a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women. Acta Diabetol. 2013;50:417-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-012-0447-5
- Perera S, Lohsoonthorn V, Jiamjarasrangsi W, Lertmaharit S, Williams MA. Association between elevated liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome among Thai adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2008;2:171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2008.04.012
- Shin KA. The clinical implications of hepatic enzymes in metabolically healthy obese men. Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2017;49:248-255. https://doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.3.248
- Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
- World Health Organization. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. Sydney, Australia: health communications Australia; 2000. p19-20.
- Wu TW, Fung KP, Wu J, Yang CC, Weisel RD. Antioxidation of human low density lipoprotein by unconjugated and conjugated bilirubins. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996;51:859-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(95)02395-X
- Guzek M, Jakubowski Z, Bandosz P, Wyrzykowski B, Smoczynski M, Jabloiska A, et al. Inverse association of serum bilirubin with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in Polish population. Przegl Epidemiol. 2012;66:495-501.
- Wu Y, Li M, Xu M, Bi Y, Li X, Chen Y, et al. Low serum total bilirubin concentrations are associated with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese. J Diabetes. 2011;3:217-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00138.x
- Lee MJ, Jung CH, Kang YM, Hwang JY, Jang JE, Leem J, et al. Serum bilirubin as a predictor of incident metabolic syndrome: a 4-year retrospective longitudinal study of 6205 initially healthy Korean men. Diabetes Metab. 2014;40:305-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2014.04.006
- Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, Nagai R, Yamakado M. Association between serum uric acid, metabolic syndrome, and carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000161274.87407.26
- Lin JP, Vitek L, Schwertner HA. Serum bilirubin and genes controlling bilirubin concentrations as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2010;56:1535-1543. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.151043
- Kappas A. A method for interdicting the development of severe jaundice in newborns by inhibiting the production of bilirubin. Pediatrics. 2004;113:119-123. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.119
- Huang SS, Chan WL, Leu HB, Huang PH, Lin SJ, Chen JW. Serum bilirubin levels predict future development of metabolic syndrome in healthy middle-aged nonsmoking men. Am J Med. 2015;128:1138.