DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

How Distinct are Technology-Based Start-Ups in India? Features, Policies and Evolving Ecosystems

  • Received : 2017.08.15
  • Accepted : 2018.01.23
  • Published : 2018.04.30

Abstract

Tech start-ups and their ecosystems are gaining increasing prominence globally and so are in India, due to their potential to contribute to employment generation, innovations, productivity, national income and exports. Against this backdrop, this article analyzes the key characteristics of tech start-ups relative to traditional start-ups and modern start-ups in India. Further, the salient features of tech start-up promotion policies initiated by the government of India and government of Karnataka as well as the current regional and sectoral distribution of start-ups is elucidated. Subsequently, the structure and components of entrepreneurial ecosystems currently under evolution in the metro cities of India are examined. Finally, the key factors contributing to the growth of different ecosystem components and its implications for the future growth of tech start-ups are outlined.

Keywords

References

  1. Aleisa, E. (2013) Start-up Ecosystems, Project Report, Http://www.janrecker.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/02/20130213_FinalReport_Start-up-Ecosystems.pdf, Accessed from the Internet on 25th December 2016.
  2. Arruda, C.V.S., Nogueria, V.S., Cozzi, A. and Costa, V. (2013) The Brazilian entrepreneurial ecosystem of start-ups: an analysis of entrepreneurship determinants in Brazil as seen from the OECD pillars, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 2(3), 17-57. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-2-17
  3. Assocham (2014) Tech Start-ups in India: a Bright Future, Zinnov Management Consulting, Bangalore.
  4. Aulet, B. (2013) Disciplined Entrepreneurship, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  5. Bala Subrahmanya, M.H. (2017a) Comparing the entrepreneurial ecosystems for technology start-ups in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India, Technology Innovation Management Review, July, 7(7), 16.
  6. Bala Subrahmanya, M.H. (2017b) How did Bangalore emerge as a global hub of tech starts in India? entrepreneurial ecosystem - evolution, structure and role, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, March, 22(1), 22.
  7. Bala Subrahmanya, M.H. (2015) New generation start-ups in India: what lessons can we learn from the past?, Economic and Political weekly, 50(12), 56-63.
  8. Bala Subrahmanya, M.H. (1995) Reservation policy for small scale industry: has it delivered the goods?, Economic and Political Weekly, 30(21), M51-M54.
  9. Bala Subrahmanya, M.H. (1993) Economics of rural industries in Karnataka, Ph.D. Thesis, Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change.
  10. Bala Subrahmanya, M.H., Mathirajan, M., Balachandra, P., Srinivasan, M.N. and Laxman, P. (2002) R&D and Technological Innovations in Small Scale Industries, New Delhi: Allied Publishers Private Limited.
  11. CII (2015) A snapshot of India's Start-up Ecosystem, a Report Based on Start-up Conclave 2015, New Delhi: Confederation of Indian Industry.
  12. Cukier, D.F., Kon, F. and Lyons, T.S. (2016) Software start-up ecosystems evolution: the New York city case study, Proceedings of 2nd international workshop on software start-ups, Trondheim: IEEE International Technology Management Conference.
  13. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (2016) Start-up India Action Plan, New Delhi: Government of India.
  14. Department of IT, BT and S&T (2014) Karnataka Startup Policy 20150-2020, Bangalore, Government of Karnataka.
  15. Gai, B. and Joffe, B. (2013) India Start-up Report, World Start-up Report, www.worldstartpreport.com
  16. Grant Thornton (2015) Start-ups in India - an Overview, New Delhi: Grant Thornton India LLP.
  17. India Today (2017) Out of 8 lakh graduate engineers, 60 percent remain jobless in India, Http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/60-of-engineering-graduates-unemloyed/1/908241.html, NewsStory, March 20, New Delhi: Website accessed on 12th August 2017.
  18. iSPIRT (2014) iSPIRT Product Industry Monitor Report, Bengaluru: Indian Software Product Industry Round Table.
  19. Kane, T. (2010) The importance of Start-ups in job creation and job destruction, Working Paper, Kauffman Foundation Research Series: Firm Formation and Economic Growth, USA.
  20. Kshitija, A.J. and Krishna, H.S. (2014) What ecosystem factors impact the growth of high-tech start-ups in India?, Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy, 3(2), 216-244. https://doi.org/10.7545/ajip.2014.3.2.216
  21. Krishna, H.S. and Bala Subrahmanya, M.H. (2014) Entrepreneurial learning and Indian tech start-up survival: an empirical investigation, paper presented at the Institute for Small Business and Enterprise (ISBE) Conference, Manchester, UK: 5-6 November.
  22. LeBlanc, R. (2012) The Indian Start-up Ecosystem: on the Cusp?, Massachusetts: Research Report, Grail Research, .
  23. Live Mint (2017) Number of Internet users in India could cross 450 million by June: report, Http://www.livemint.com/Industry/QWzIOYEsfQJknXhC3HiuVI/Number-of-Internet-users-in-India-could-cross-450-million-by.html, News item, 2nd March 2017, Accessed on 12th June 2017.
  24. Live Mint (2016) The 10 Indian unicorns, News item, 12th October, accessed on 10th June 2017.
  25. Manzella, G.P. (2015) Start-up, Great Beauty, Italy: Regional Council of Lazio.
  26. Mason, C. and Brown, R. (2014) Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth oriented entrepreneurship, Background paper prepared for the workshop, The Hague, Netherlands: The OECD LEED Programme and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.
  27. Ministry of Finance (2016) Economic Survey 2015/16, Volume II, Government of India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  28. Ministry of MSMEs (2013) Recommendations of the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Accelerating Manufacturing in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector, New Delhi: Government of India.
  29. NASSCOM (2015) Start-up India: Momentous Rise of the Indian Start-up Ecosystem, Bangalore: Zinnov Consulting.
  30. NCAER (2009) FDI in India and Its Growth Linkages, New Delhi: Study Report.
  31. OECD (2013) Start-up Latin America: Promoting Innovation in the Region, Paris: Development Centre Studies.
  32. Romanelli, E. and Schoonhoven, C.B. (2001) The local origins of new firms, In Schoonhoven, C.B. and Romanelli, E. (editors), The Entrepreneurship Dynamic, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 40-67.
  33. Stokes, D. (1995) Small Business Management, London: DP Publications Ltd.
  34. TiE website (2017) tie.org, Website accessed on 12th August 2017.
  35. YourStory (2017a) Internet Users in India to Double by 2021: Cisco Report, Https://yourstory.com/2017/06/india-internet-users-report/, News item, 9th June, Accessed on 12th June 2017.
  36. YourStory (2017b) Our Story, Https://yourstory.com/our-story, Accessed on 12th June 2017.

Cited by

  1. The Indian venture capital emergence, development, and boom: A southern contextualization vol.52, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12495