References
- Bae, K.H., Kim, J.S., Lee, C.S., Cho, H.J., Lee, H.Y. and Cho, Y.C. 2014. Initial development of forest structure and understory vegetation after clear-cut in Pinus densiflora forest in Southern Gangwon-do Province. Journal of Korean Forest Society 103(3): 23-29. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2014.103.1.23
- Byeon, S.Y. and Yun, C.W. 2017. Vegetation type and stand characteristics of natural forest in Mt. Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 31(3): 297-317. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2017.31.3.297
- Carignan, V. and Villard, M. 2002. Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 78(1): 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016136723584
- Cho, Y.C., Kim, J.S., Lee, C.S., Cho, H.J., Lee, H.Y. and Bae, K.H. 2011. Early successional change of vegetation composition after clear cutting in Pinus densiflora stands in Southern Gangwon Province. Journal of Korean Forest Society 100(2): 240-245. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32: 476-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931725
- De Cáceres, M., Legendre, P. and Moretti, M. 2010. Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos 119: 1674-1684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x
- Dufrêne, M. and Legendre, P. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Society of America 67(3): 345-366.
- Hong, J.M. 2017. A Study on the hardwood natural regeneration in useful hardwood mother tree stand area. Master thesis in Sangji University, pp. 39. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Hong, S.C., Byen, S.H. and Kim, S.S. 1987. Colored Illustrations of Trees and Shrubs in Korea. Gyemyengsa. Korea, pp.310. (in Korean)
- Jeon, S.W., Song, W.K., Lee, M.J. and Kang, B.J. 2010. Improvement of the environmental conservation value assessment map (ECVAM) by complement of the vegetation community stability item. The Korea Society For Environmental Restoration And Revegetation Technology 13(2): 114-123. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Jeong, H.M. 2013. Changes of understory for regeneration types Pinus densiflora for. erecta forest in Uljin. Master thesis in Kyungpook National University, pp. 56. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Jeong, S.Y., Cho, Y.C., Byun, B.K., Kim, H.J., Bae, K.H., Kim, H.S. and Kim, J.S. 2015. Initial responses of vegetation regeneration after strip clear cutting in secondary Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest in Samcheok, Gangwon-do, South Korea. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 29(5): 785-790. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2015.29.5.785
- Kim, H.J. 2017. Natural regeneration pattern and strategy of Acer pictum subsp. mono in the natural deciduous forest, Mt. Joongwang. Doctor thesis in Kangwon University, pp. 91. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Kim, H.S., Jeong, J.M., Cho, G.H., Baek, S.A. and Jung, D.H. 2015. Regeneration Mechanism and Technology Trends of Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Korea, pp. 238. (in Korean)
- Kim, J.Y. and Lee, K.J. 2012. Vegetation structure and the density of thinning for the inducement of the ecological succession in artificial forest, national parks - In case of Chiaksan, Songnisan, Deogyusan, and Naejangsan -. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 26(4): 604-619. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Kim, J.Y. and Lee, K.J. 2012. Vegetational structure and the density of thinning for the inducement of the ecological succession in artificial forest, national parks. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 26(4): 604-619. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Korea Forest Service. 2010a. Korea plant names index committee. http://www.nature.go.kr/kpni/.
- Korea Forest Service. 2010b. Korea biodiversity information system. http://www.nature.go.kr/.
- Korea Meteorological Administration. 2017. http://www.kma.go.kr/.
- Korean Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. 1963. Explanatory Text of the Geological Map. http://www.kigam.re.kr.
- Lee, C.S. and Kim, H.E. 1989. Ecological study of natural regeneration by selfsown of Pinus densiflora forest. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 7(2): 100-109. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Lee, T.B. 2003. Coloured Flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa. Seoul, Korea, pp. 999. (in Korean)
- Lester R. 2006. Plan B 2.0. USA, pp. 495.
- McGeogh, M.A. 1998. The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biological Reviews 73(2): 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000632319700515X
- Na, S.J., Woo, K.S., Kim, C.S., Yoon, J.H., Lee, H.H. and Lee, D.H. 2010. Comparison of above-ground growth characteristics between naturally regenerated and planted stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki in Gangwon Province. Journal of Korean Forest Society 99(3): 323-330. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Niemi, G.J. and McDonald, M.E. 2004. Application of ecological indicators. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 89-111. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130132
- Park, E.H., Kim, J.G. Lee, J.H. Cho, H.S. and Min, J.K. 2004. Vegetation of Liana dominating in the vicinity of Onsan industrial complex. Journal of Ecology and Environment 27(6): 335-345. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Park, J.H., Kim, S.K., Lee, S.T., Lee, K.S. and Kim, H.H. 2013. Thinning effect on vegetation structure and stand characteristics of oak stands. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(6): 81-89. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2013.47.6.81
- Park, J.H., Kim, S.K., Lee, S.T., Lee, K.S. and Kim, H.H. 2013. Thinning effect on vegetation structure and stand characteristics of oak stands. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 47(6): 81-89. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2013.47.6.81
- Park, P.S. and Jeon, Y.G. 2010. Stand structure and seedling recruitment of Abies holophylla stands in Yong-In Area, Gyeonggi-do. Journal of Korean Forest Society 99(1): 153-162. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Shim, K.K., Ahn, Y.H. and Yoo, M.S. 1985. Studies on photosynthesis of perennial vines (Actinidia arguta, Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Lonicera japonica var. aureoreticulata, Lonicera sempervirens). Korean Society for Horticultural Science 26(1): 44-50. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Shin, C.S. and Kim, H.E. 2006. Natural regeneration of tree species after clear-cutting in a coniferous plantation. Journal of Korean Forest Society 95(4): 501-506. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Son, Y.H., Koo, C.D., Kim, C.S., Park, P.S., Yun, C.W. and Lee, K.H. 2016. Forest Ecology. Hyangmunsa. Seoul, Korea, pp. 346. (in Korean)
- Um, T.W. 2015. Change of tree species and stand structure on the different thinning intensities of Larix Kaemferi plantation. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 29(4): 580-589. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2015.29.4.580
- Walter, H., Harnickell, E. and Mueller-Dombois, D. 1975. Climate-diagram maps of the individual continents and the ecological climatic regions of the earth. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. pp. 36.
- Yim, K.B., Ko, D.S., Oh, G.I., Kwon, K.W., Lee, G.Y., Kwon, Y.C., Lee, G.J., Kim, S.I. and Kim, J.H. 1991. The Point of Silviculture. Hyangmunsa. Seoul, Korea, pp. 347. (in Korean)
- Youn, Y.I. 2009. The natural regeneration and stand characteristic of the Korean Fir stand in Nae Sorak - A study about the concept of the natural regeneration in a Natural Fir forest -. Korean Society of Environmental Biology 27(2): 176-182. (in Korean with English abstract)
- Yun, C.W. 2016. Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs. Geobook. Seoul, Korea, pp.703. (in Korean)
- Zhang, M., Kim, J.S., Cho, Y.C., Bae, S.W., Yun, C.W., Byun, B.K. and Bae, K.H. 2013. Initial responses of understory vegetation to 15% aggregated retention harvest in Mature oak (Quercus mongolica) Forest in Gyungsangbukdo. Journal of Korean Forest Society 102(2): 239-246. (in Korean with English abstract)