Phonetics and Speech Sciences (말소리와 음성과학)

Korean Society of Speech Sciences (한국음성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Word-boundary and rate effects on upper and lower lip movements in the articulation of the bilabial stop /p/ in Korean

  • Received : 2018.02.20
  • Accepted : 2018.03.20
  • Published : 2018.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, we examined how the upper and lower lips articulate to produce labial /p/. Using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography, we collected flesh-point tracking movement data from eight native speakers of Seoul Korean (five females and three males). Individual articulatory movements in /p/ were examined in terms of minimum vertical upper lip position, maximum vertical lower lip position, and corresponding vertical upper lip position aligned with maximum vertical lower lip position. Using linear mixed-effect models, we tested two factors (word boundary [across-word vs. within-word] and speech rate [comfortable vs. fast]) and their interaction, considering subjects as random effects. The results are summarized as follows. First, maximum lower lip position varied with different word boundaries and speech rates, but no interaction was detected. In particular, maximum lower lip position was lower (e.g., less constricted or more reduced) in fast rate condition and across-word boundary condition. Second, minimum lower lip position, as well as lower lip position, measured at the time of maximum lower lip position only varied with different word boundaries, showing that they were consistently lower in across-word condition. We provide further empirical evidence of lower lip movement sensitive to both different word boundaries (e.g., linguistic factor) and speech rates (e.g., paralinguistic factor); this supports the traditional idea that the lower lip is an actively moving articulator. The sensitivity of upper lip movement is also observed with different word boundaries; this counters the traditional idea that the upper lip is the target area, which presupposes immobility. Taken together, the lip aperture gesture is a good indicator that takes into account upper and lower lip vertical movements, compared to the traditional approach that distinguishes a movable articulator from target place. Respective of different speech rates, the results of the present study patterned with cross-linguistic lenition-related allophonic variation, which is known to be more sensitive to fast rate.

Keywords

References

  1. Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2011). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version, 1, 1-23. Available at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4.
  2. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1986). Towards an articulatory phonology. Phonology Yearbook, 3, 219-252.
  3. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1988). Some notes on syllable structure in articulatory phonology. Phonetica, 45, 140-155.
  4. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1989). Articulatory gestures as phonological units. Phonology, 6, 201-251.
  5. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1990). Gestural specification using dynamically-defined articulatory structures. Journal of Phonetics, 18, 299-320.
  6. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1992). Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica, 49, 155-180.
  7. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. (1995). Gestural syllable position effects in American English. In F. Bell-berti, & L. Raphael (Eds.), Producing speech: Contemporary issues. For Catherine Safford Harris (pp. 19-33). AIP Press: New York.
  8. Browman, C., & Goldstein, L. Articulatory phonology. Unpublished manuscript.
  9. Byrd, D. (1996). Influences on articulatory timing in consonant sequences. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 209-244.
  10. Cho, T., & Keating, P. (2001). Articulatory and acoustic studies of domain-initial strengthening in Korean. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 155-190.
  11. Chomsky, N. (1993). Lectures on government and binding: The Pisa lectures. (No. 9). Dordrecht: Foris.
  12. Clements, G. (1985). The geometry of phonological features. Phonology Yearbook, 2, 225-252.
  13. Gick, B., Wilson, I., & Derrick, D. (2013). Articulatory phonetics. Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell.
  14. Goldstein, L., Byrd, D., & Saltzman, E. (2006). The role of vocal tract gestural action units in understanding the evolution of phonology. In M. Arbib (Ed.), Action to language via the mirror neuron system (pp. 215-249). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  15. Jun, J. (1996). Place assimilation is not the result of gestural overlap: Evidence from Korean and English. Phonology, 13, 377-407.
  16. Jun, S-A. (1993). The phonetics and phonology of Korean prosody. Ph.D. Dissertation. The Ohio State University.
  17. Jun, S-A. (2006). Korean intonational phonology and prosodic transcription. In S-A. Jun (Ed.) Prosodic typology: The phonology of intonation and phrasing (pp. 201-229). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  18. Keating, P. (1991). Coronal places of articulation. In C. Paradis, & J.-F. Prunet (Ed.), The special status of coronals: Internal and external evidence (pp. 29-48). San Diego: Academic Press.
  19. Keating, P., Lindblom, B., Lubker, J., & Kreiman, J. (1994). Variability in jaw height for segments in English and Swedish VCVs. Journal of Phonetics, 22, 407-422.
  20. Kirchner, R. (1998). An effort-based approach to consonant lenition. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California in Los Angeles.
  21. Kochetov, A., Pouplier, M., & Son, M. (2007). Cross-language differences in overlap and assimilation patterns in Korean and Russian. Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1361-1364). Saarbrucken, Germany.
  22. Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
  23. Lofqvist, A. (1993). Electromagnetic transduction techniques in the study of speech motor control. PHONUM: Reports from the Department of Phonetics, University of Umea, 2, 87-106.
  24. Lofqvist, A. (1996). Control of oral closure and release in bilabial stop consonants. Proceedings of the 6th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology (pp. 561-566). Canberra.
  25. Lofqvist, A., & Gracco, V. (1997). Lip and jaw kinematics in bilabial stop consonant production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 877-893.
  26. Maddieson, I. (2005). Bilabial and labio-dental fricatives in Ewe. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report, 199-215.
  27. Mihalicek, V., & Wilson, C. (2011). Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
  28. Miller, J., & Fujimura, O. (1982). Graphic displays of combined presentations of acoustic and articulatory information. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 61, 799-810.
  29. Mooshammer, C., Geumann, A., Hoole, P., Alfonso, P., van Lieshout, P., & Fuchs, S. (2003). Coordination of lingual and mandibular gestures for different manners of articulation. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 81-84). Barcelona.
  30. Mooshammer, C., Hoole, P., & Geumann, A. (2007). Jaw and order. Language and Speech, 50(2), 145-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309070500020101
  31. Ohman, S. (1967). Numerical model of coarticulation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41(2), 310-320. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1910340
  32. Perkell, J., Cohen, M., Svirsky, M., Matthies, M., Garabieta, I., & Jackson, M. (1992). Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) systems for transducing speech articulatory movements. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 3078-3096.
  33. R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at http://www.rproject.org.
  34. Radford, A. (1988). A transformational grammar: A first course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  35. Romero, J. (1996). Articulatory blending of lingual gestures. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 99-111.
  36. Saltzman, E. (1986). Task dynamic coordination of the speech articulators: A preliminary model. In H. Heuer & C. Fromm (Eds.), Generation and Modulation of Action Patterns (pp. 129-144). New York: Springer.
  37. Saltzman, E., & Kelso, J. (1987). Skilled actions: A task-dynamic approach. Psychological Review, 94, 84-106.
  38. Saltzman, E., & Munhall, K. (1989). A dynamical patterning to gestural patterning in speech production. Ecological Psychology, 1, 333-382.
  39. Saltzman, E., Rubin, P., Goldstein, L., & Browman, C. (1987). Task-dynamic modeling of intergestural coordination (Abstract). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 82 (Suppl. 1), 515.
  40. Smith, C. (1992). The timing of vowel and consonant gestures. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
  41. Son, M. (2008). Gradient reduction of $C_1$ in /pk/ sequences. Speech Sciences, 15(4), 43-65. (손민정 (2008). /pk/연속음에서 일어나는 점층 약화. 음성과학, 15(4), 43-65.)
  42. Son, M. (2011). Coordinations of articulators in Korean place assimilation. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 3(2), 29-35. (손민정 (2011). 한국어 위치 동화에서 일어나는 조음 협력. 말소리와 음성과학, 3(2), 29-35.)
  43. Son, M. (2013). Articulatory attributes in Korean nonassimilating contexts. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 5(1), 109-121. (손민정 (2013). 한국어 비동화 환경에서 일어나는 조음 특질. 말소리와 음성과학, 5(1), 109-121.) https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.1.109
  44. Son, M. (2015a). Articulatory properties of the allophonic variant [r] in Korean /l/-flapping: Gestural reduction and the role of gestural overlap. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, 21, 427-456. (손민정 (2015a). 한국어 /l/ 탄설음화에 나타나는 변이음 [r] 조음 특질: 조음 약화와 조음중첩. 음성 음운 형태론 연구, 21, 427-456.)
  45. Son, M. (2015b). Korean /l/-flapping in an /i/-/i/ context. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 7(1), 151-163. (손민정 (2015b). /i/-/i/ 환경에서 일어나는 한국어 /l/ 설탄음화. 말소리와 음성과학, 7(1), 151-163.) https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2015.7.1.151
  46. Son, M., Kim, S., & Cho, T. (2011). Supralaryngeal articulatory characteristics of coronal consonants /n, t, $t^h$, t*/ in Korean. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 3(4), 33-43. (손민정.김사향.조태홍 (2011). 한국어 화관자음 /n, t, th, t*/에서 나타나는 성도 조음 특질. 말소리와 음성과학, 3(4), 33-43.)
  47. Son, M., Kim, S., & Cho, T. (2012). Supralaryngeal articulatory signatures of three-way contrastive labial stops in Korean. Journal of Phonetics, 40(1), 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2011.11.002
  48. Son, M., Pouplier, M., & Kochetov, A. (2007). The role of gestural overlap in perceptual place assimilation: Evidence from Korean. Papers in 9th Conference on Laboratory Phonology IX (pp. 507-534). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  49. Tiede, M. (2005). MVIEW: Software for visualization and analysis of concurrently recorded movement data. New Haven, CT: Haskins Laboratories.
  50. Wood, S. (1979). A radiographic analysis of constriction location for vowels. Journal of Phonetics, 7, 25-43.
  51. Yanagawa, M. (2006). Articulatory timing in first and second language: A cross-linguistic study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
  52. 남호성. Towards articulatory machines. Unpublished manuscript. 조음 로봇을 꿈꾸며. 원고.

Cited by

  1. Coordinative movement of articulators in bilabial stop /p/* vol.10, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2018.10.4.077