DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Extreme Long-Distance Running on Hepatic Metabolism and Renal Function in Middle-Aged Men

  • Shin, Kyung-A (Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinsung University) ;
  • Kim, Young-Joo (Department of Exercise Rehabilitaion Welfare, Sungshin University)
  • 투고 : 2018.10.01
  • 심사 : 2018.11.13
  • 발행 : 2018.12.31

초록

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of participation in the 622 km hyper-ultra-marathon on hepatic metabolism and renal function in middle-aged men. Healthy middle-aged male amateur ultra-marathoners between the ages of 40 and 60. Blood was collected at the pre-race, immediately after 300 km, 622 km hyper-ultra marathon race, 72 hours (3 day) and 144 hours (6 day) after the race, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ${\gamma}$-GTP (gamma glutamyl transferase), T-Bil (total bilirubin), D-Bil (direct bilirubin), T-protein (total protein), albumin, uric acid, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinne were analyzed. ALP was significantly increased at 300 km, 622 km, day 3 and day 6 than the pre-race. ${\gamma}$-GTP, T-protein, albumin, uric acid, BUN and creatinine were not significantly different between the distances and the recovery period respectively. AST and ALT were significantly increased at 300 km, 622 km, day 3 and day 6 than the pre-race, respectively (P<0.05) at day 3 and day 6 they showed significant decrease from 300 km and 622 km, respectively (P<0.05). T-Bil and D-Bil increased significantly at 300 km and 622 km, respectively (P<.05) and significantly decreased at day 3 (P<0.05) compared to the pre-race, at day 3 and day 6 they were decreased significantly than 300 km and 622 km, respectively (P<0.05). In conclusion, no disturbance of renal function was observed according to the distances and between the recovery period of 622 km hyper-ultra marathon race, but reversible hepatocyte function could be degraded and some hemolysis of blood vessels was induced.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Agawa H, Yamada N, Enomoto Y, Suzuki H, Hosono A, Arakawa K, Ghadimi R, Miyata M, Maeda K, Shibata K, Tokudome M, Goto C, Tokudome Y, Hoshino H, Imaeda N, Marumoto M, Suzuki S, Kobayashi M, Tokudome S. Changes of mental stress biomarkers in ultramarathon. Int J Sports Med. 2008. 29: 867-871. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038490
  2. Ayus JC, Varon J, Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in marathon runners. Ann Intern Med. 2000. 132: 711-714.
  3. Brancaccio P, Limongelli FM, Maffulli N. Monitoring of serum enzymes in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2006. 40: 96-97. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.020719
  4. Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Limongelli FM. Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Br Med Bull. 2007. 81-82: 209-230. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm014
  5. Caine DJ. The epidemiology of injury in adventure and extreme sports. Med Sport Sci. 2012. 58: 1-16.
  6. Deitrick RW. Intravascular haemolysis in the recreational runner. Br J Sports Med. 1991. 25: 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.25.4.183
  7. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 1974. 37: 247-248. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1974.37.2.247
  8. Fallon KE, Sivyer G, Sivyer K, Dare A. The biochemistry of runners in a 1,600 km ultramarathon. Br J Sports Med. 1999. 33: 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.33.4.264
  9. Hattori N, Hayashi T, Nakachi K, Ichikawa H, Goto C, Tokudome Y, Kuriki K, Hoshino H, Shibata K, Yamada N, Tokudome M, Suzuki S, Nagaya T, Kobayashi M, Tokudome S. Changes of ROS during a two-day ultra-marathon race. Int J Sports Med. 2009. 30: 426-429. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1112144
  10. Kersting UG, Stubendorff JJ, Schmidt MC, Bruggemann GP. Changes in knee cartilage volume and serum COMP concentration after running exercise. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005. 13: 925-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.06.005
  11. Kim HJ, Lee YH, Kim CK. Biomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007. 99: 443-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0362-y
  12. Kim YJ, Lee YH, Shin KA. Effects of amateur marathon races on general hematologic factors. Korean J Sport. 2012. 10: 531-541.
  13. Kratz A, Lewandrowski KB, Siegel AJ, Chun KY, Flood JG, Van Cott EM, Lee-Lewandrowski E. Effect of marathon running on hematologic and biochemical laboratory parameters, including cardiac markers. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002. 118: 856-863. https://doi.org/10.1309/14TY-2TDJ-1X0Y-1V6V
  14. Kuipers H. Exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Sports Med. 1994. 15: 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021034
  15. Leaf DA, Kleinman MT, Hamilton M, Deitrick RW. The exerciseinduced oxidative stress paradox: the effects of physical exercise training. Am J Med Sci. 1999. 317: 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9629(15)40531-2
  16. Leslie BR, Sander NW Jr, Gerwin LE. Runner's hemolysis and pigment gallstones. N Engl J Med. 1985. 313: 1230.
  17. Marumoto M, Suzuki S, Hosono A, Arakawa K, Shibata K, Fuku M, Goto C, Tokudome Y, Hoshino H, Imaeda N, Kobayashi M, Yodoi J, Tokudome S. Changes in thioredoxin concentrations: an observation in an ultra-marathon race. Environ Health Prev Med. 2010. 15: 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0119-4
  18. Mathews SC, Narotsky DL, Bernholt DL, Vogt M, Hsieh YH, Pronovost PJ, Pham JC. Mortality among marathon runners in the United States, 2000-2009. Am J Sports Med. 2012. 40: 1495-1500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512444555
  19. McCullough PA, Chinnaiyan KM, Gallagher MJ, et al. Changes in renal markers and acute kidney injury after marathon running. Nephrology (Carlton). 2011. 16: 194-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01354.x
  20. Moses FM. The effect of exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Sports Med. 1990. 9: 159-172. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199009030-00004
  21. Nagel D, Seiler D, Franz H, Jung K. Ultra-long-distance running and the liver. Int J Sports Med. 1990. 11: 441-445. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1024834
  22. Noakes TD. Effect of exercise on serum enzyme activities in humans. Sports Med. 1987. 4: 245-267. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00003
  23. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev. 2000. 80: 1055-1081. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055
  24. Pettersson J, Hindorf U, Persson P, Bengtsson T, Malmqvist U, Werkstrom V, Ekelund M. Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008. 65: 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03001.x
  25. Poortmans JR, Haralambie G. Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: proteins in serum and urine. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1979. 40: 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421516
  26. Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, Frey WO, Villiger B, Riddoch CJ, Menheere PP, Saris WH. Physiological changes and gastrointestinal symptoms as a result of ultra-endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992. 64: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376431
  27. Reid SA, Speedy DB, Thompson JM, Noakes TD, Mulligan G, Page T, Campbell RG, Milne C. Study of hematological and biochemical parameters in runners completing a standard marathon. Clin J Sport Med. 2004. 14: 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200411000-00004
  28. Robinson Y, Cristancho E, Boning D. Intravascular hemolysis and mean red blood cell age in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006. 38: 480-483. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000188448.40218.4c
  29. Siegel AJ, Lewandrowski EL, Chun KY, Sholar MB, Fischman AJ, Lewandrowski KB. Changes in cardiac markers including B-natriuretic peptide in runners after the Boston marathon. Am J Cardiol. 2001. 88: 920-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01910-5
  30. Shin K, Jee H, Lee Y, Kim TK, Kim HS, Park Y, Kim Y. Effects of an extreme endurance ultra-marathon on musculoskeletal and hematologic functions. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche. 2014. 173: 283-289.
  31. Shin KA, Park KD, Ahn J, Park Y, Kim YJ. Comparison of Changes in Biochemical Markers for Skeletal Muscles, Hepatic Metabolism, and Renal Function after Three Types of Long-distance Running: Observational Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016. 95: e3657. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003657
  32. Skenderi KP, Kavouras SA, Anastasiou CA, Yiannakouris N, Matalas AL. Exertional Rhabdomyolysis during a 246-km continuous running race. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006. 38: 1054-1057. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000222831.35897.5f
  33. Smith JE, Garbutt G, Lopes P, Tunstall Pedoe D. Effects of prolonged strenuous exercise (marathon running) on biochemical and haematological markers used in the investigation of patients in the emergency department. Br J Sports Med. 2004. 38: 292-294. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.002873
  34. Spiropoulos K, Trakada G. Hematologic and biochemical laboratory parameters before and after a marathon race. Lung. 2003. 181: 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-003-1009-y
  35. Spitler DL, Alexander WC, Hoffler GW, Doerr DF, Buchanan P. Haptoglobin and serum enzymatic response to maximal exercise in relation to physical fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984. 16: 366-370.
  36. Trappe S, Harber M, Creer A, Gallagher P, Slivka D, Minchev K, Whitsett D. Single muscle fiber adaptations with marathon training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006. 101: 721-727. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01595.2005
  37. Warburton DE, Welsh RC, Haykowsky MJ, Taylor DA, Humen DP. Biochemical changes as a result of prolonged strenuous exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2002. 36: 301-303. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.4.301
  38. Whicher JT, Spence CE. Serum protein zone electrophoresis--an outmoded test? Ann Clin Biochem. 1987. 24: 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456328702400202
  39. Wu HJ, Chen KT, Shee BW, Chang HC, Huang YJ, Yang RS. Effects of 24 h ultra-marathon on biochemical and hematological parameters. World J Gastroenterol. 2004. 10: 2711-2714. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2711