Fig. 1 Piston bowl geometry
Fig. 2 Computational mesh
Fig. 3 Experimental and numerical comparison of the incylinder pressure and HRR of syngas-diesel dual-fuel mode using new mechanism and n-heptane chemical kinetics set.
Fig. 4 Comparison of Experimental and numerical in-cylinder pressure and HRR of diesel only and dualfuel mode
Fig. 5 Comparison between the molar fraction of n-Heptane, OH, and CH with changes in crank angle
Fig. 7 Velocity vector plot at Syngas35, IMEP5, and 6G (center plane of the 72° sector mesh)
Fig. 9 Comparison of the in-cylinder pressure and HRR of dual-fuel mode at a different SMD
Fig. 10 Diesel spray penetration for syngas45, IMEP5, and 8G at a different SMD
Fig. 11 Velocity vector plot at Syngas45, IMEP5, and 8 G (center plane of the 72° sector mesh)
Fig. 12 CO emissions and unburned syngas fraction at a different SMD
Fig. 13 Comparison of the in-cylinder pressure and HRR of dual-fuel mode at a different spray cone angle
Fig. 14 Diesel spray penetration for syngas45, IMEP5, and 8G at a different spray cone angle
Fig. 15 CO emissions and unburned syngas fraction at a different spray cone angle
Fig. 18 CO emissions and unburned syngas fraction at a different fuel injection rate
Fig. 20 Diesel spray penetration at a different crank angle for syngas45, IMEP5, and 8G at small nozzle diameter
Fig. 19 Comparison of the in-cylinder pressure and HRRof dual-fuel mode at a different nozzle diameter
Fig. 22 CO emissions and unburned syngas fraction at a different nozzle diameter
Fig. 26 Velocity vector plot for Syngas45, IMEP5, and 8 G at a different piston bowl (center plane of the 72° sector mesh)
Fig. 6 In-cylinder temperature distribution at Syngas35, IMEP5, and 6G
Fig. 8 CO emission and unburned syngas fraction at IMEP 5 bar
Fig. 16 Comparison of injection rate
Fig. 17 Comparison of the in-cylinder pressure and HRR of dual-fuel mode at a different fuel injection rate
Fig. 21 Comparison of the in-cylinder temperature distribution for different nozzle diameter (center plane of the 72° sector mesh)
Fig. 23 Piston bowl geometry A and B
Fig. 24 Comparison of the in-cylinder pressure and HRR of dual-fuel mode at a different piston bowl geometry
Fig. 25 CO emissions and unburned syngas fraction at a different piston bowl
Fig. 27 Comparison of the in-cylinder temperature distribution at a piston bowl (center plane of the 72° sector mesh)
Table 1 Engine specifications
Table 2 Syngas composition
Table 3 Engine operating conditions
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