DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimenting biochemical oxygen demand decay rates of Malaysian river water in a laboratory flume

  • Nuruzzaman, Md. (Department of Civil Engineering, Rangpur Engineering College) ;
  • Al-Mamun, Abdullah (Department of Civil Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)) ;
  • Salleh, Md. Noor Bin (Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Center (BERC), Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM))
  • Received : 2017.04.14
  • Accepted : 2017.09.05
  • Published : 2018.03.31

Abstract

Lack of information on the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) decay rates of river water under the tropical environment has triggered this study with an aim to fill the gap. Raw sewage, treated sewage, river water and tap water were mixed in different proportions to represent river water receiving varying amounts and types of wastewater and fed in a laboratory flume in batch mode. Water samples were recirculated in the flume for 30 h and BOD and Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) concentrations were measured at least six times. Decay rates were obtained by fitting the measured data in the first order kinetic equation. After conducting 12 experiments, the range of BOD and CBOD decay rates were found to be 0.191 to 0.92 per day and 0.107 to 0.875 per day, respectively. Median decay rates were 0.344 and 0.258 per day for BOD and CBOD, respectively, which are slightly higher than the reported values in literatures. A relationship between CBOD decay rate and BOD decay rate is proposed as $k_{CBOD}=0.8642_{k_{BOD}}-0.0349$ where, $k_{CBOD}$ is CBOD decay rate and $k_{BOD}$ is BOD decay rate. The equation can be useful to extrapolate either of the decay rates when any of the rates is unknown.

Keywords

References

  1. Kannel PR, Lee S, Lee YS, Kanel S, Pelletier G. Application of automated QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and management in the Bagmati River, Nepal. Ecol. Model. 2007;202: 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.12.033
  2. Rauch W, Henze M, Koncsos L, et al. River water quality modelling: I. State of the art. Water Sci. Technol. 1998;38:237-244.
  3. Ye H, Guo S, Li F, Li G. Water quality evaluation in tidal river reaches of Liaohe River estuary, China using a revised QUAL2K model. Chinese Geogr. Sci. 2013;23:301-311.
  4. Sharma D, Kansal A. Assessment of river quality models: A review. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol. 2013;12:285-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-012-9285-8
  5. Tewilliger K, Wolflin P. Decision making for sustainable use and development. Coastal lagoons: Ecosystem processes and modeling for sustainable use and development. London: CRC Press; 2005. p. 331-370.
  6. Moriasi D, Wilson B, Douglas-Mankin K, Arnold J, Gowda P. Hydrologic and water quality models: Use, calibration, and validation. Trans. Am. Soc. Agr. Biol. Eng. 2012;55:1241-1247.
  7. Moriasi DN, Zeckoski RW, Arnold JG, et al. Hydrologic and water quality models: Key calibration and validation topics. Trans. Am. Soc. Agr. Biol. Eng. 2015;58:1609-1618.
  8. Ji ZG. Hydrodynamics and water quality: Modeling rivers, lakes, and estuaries. John Wiley & Sons; 2017.
  9. Haider H, Ali W. Development of dissolved oxygen model for a highly variable flow river: A case study of Ravi River in Pakistan. Environ. Model. Assess. 2010;15:583-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-010-9240-4
  10. Thomann RV, Mueller JA. Principles of surface water quality modeling and control. Harper & Row, Publishers; 1987.
  11. Bowie GL, Mills WB, Porcella DB, et al. Rates, constants, and kinetics formulations in surface water quality modeling. EPA; 1985. p. 3-85.
  12. Campolo M, Andreussi P, Soldati A. Water quality control in the river Arno. Water Res. 2002;36:2673-2680.
  13. Demars B, Manson J. Temperature dependence of stream aeration coefficients and the effect of water turbulence: A critical review. Water Res. 2013;47:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.054
  14. Bahadur R, Amstutz DE, Samuels WB. Water contamination modeling - A review of the state of the science. J. Water Resour. Prot. 2013;5:142-155.
  15. Gonzalez SO, Almeida C, Calderon M, Mallea M, Gonzalez P. Assessment of the water self-purification capacity on a river affected by organic pollution: Application of chemometrics in spatial and temporal variations. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014;21:10583-10593.
  16. Menezes JPCd, Bittencourt RP, Farias MDS, Bello IP, Oliveira LFCd, Fia R. Deoxygenation rate, reaeration and potential for self-purification of a small tropical urban stream. Revista Ambiente & Agua 2015;10:748-757.
  17. Ji ZG. Hydrodynamics and water quality: Modeling rivers, lakes, and estuaries. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
  18. Chapra S. Surface-water quality modeling. New York: McGraw- Hill; 1997. p. 560-575.
  19. Haider H. Water quality management model for Ravi River. Lahore: Univ. of Engineering & Technology; 2010.
  20. Pescod M. Wastewater characteristics and effluent quality parameters. Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unitied Nations; 2013.
  21. Chapra SC. Surface water-quality modeling. Waveland press; 2008.
  22. Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel D. Wastewater engineering: Treatment and reuse. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
  23. Federation WE. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington D.C., USA: American Public Health Association (APHA); 2005.
  24. Sullivan AB, Snyder DM, Rounds SA. Controls on biochemical oxygen demand in the upper Klamath River, Oregon. Chem. Geol. 2010;269:12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.08.007
  25. Tu Y, Chiang P, Yang J, Chen S, Kao C. Application of a constructed wetland system for polluted stream remediation. J. Hydrol. 2014;510:70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.12.015
  26. Ambrose R, Wool T. WASP7 stream transport-model theory and user's guide, supplement to water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) user documentation. National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia; 2009.
  27. Zhang R, Qian X, Yuan X, Ye R, Xia B, Wang Y. Simulation of water environmental capacity and pollution load reduction using QUAL2K for water environmental management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012;9:4504-4521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9124504
  28. Zhang R, Qian X, Li H, Yuan X, Ye R. Selection of optimal river water quality improvement programs using QUAL2K: A case study of Taihu Lake Basin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2012;431:278-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.063
  29. Fan C, Wang WS, Liu KFR, Yang TM. Sensitivity analysis and water quality modeling of a tidal river using a modified streeter-phelps equation with HEC-RAS-calculated hydraulic characteristics. Environ. Model. Assess. 2012;17:639-651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-012-9316-4
  30. Yang Y, Wang L. A review of modelling tools for implementation of the EU water framework directive in handling diffuse water pollution. Water Resour. Manage. 2010;24:1819-1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9526-y
  31. Fan C, Ko CH, Wang WS. An innovative modeling approach using Qual2K and HEC-RAS integration to assess the impact of tidal effect on river water quality simulation. J. Environ. Manage. 2009;90:1824-1832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.011
  32. Ostapenia AP, Parparov A, Berman T. Lability of organic carbon in lakes of different trophic status. Freshwater Biol. 2009;54: 1312-1323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02183.x
  33. Volkmar EC, Dahlgren RA. Biological oxygen demand dynamics in the lower San Joaquin River, California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006;40:5653-5660. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0525399
  34. Radwan M, Willems P, El‐Sadek A, Berlamont J. Modelling of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand in river water using a detailed and a simplified model. Int. J. River Basin Manage. 2003;1:97-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2003.9635196
  35. Park SS, Lee YS. A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea. Ecol. Model. 2002;152:65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00489-6
  36. Zhang R, Gao H, Zhu W, Hu W, Ye R. Calculation of permissible load capacity and establishment of total amount control in the Wujin River Catchment - A tributary of Taihu Lake, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015;22:11493-11503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4311-3
  37. Allam A, Fleifle A, Tawfik A, Yoshimura C, El-Saadi A. A simulation-based suitability index of the quality and quantity of agricultural drainage water for reuse in irrigation. Sci. Total Environ. 2015;536:79-90.
  38. Fleifle A, Saavedra O, Yoshimura C, Elzeir M, Tawfik A. Optimization of integrated water quality management for agricultural efficiency and environmental conservation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014;21:8095-8111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2712-3
  39. Rafiee M, Ali A, Mohammad A, et al. A case study of water quality modeling of the Gargar River, Iran. J. Hydraul. Struct. 2014;1:10-22.
  40. Haider H, Ali W, Haydar S. Evaluation of various relationships of reaeration rate coefficient for modeling dissolved oxygen in a river with extreme flow variations in Pakistan. Hydrol. Process. 2013;27:3949-3963. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9528
  41. Park JY, Park GA, Kim SJ. Assessment of future climate change impact on water quality of Chungju Lake, South Korea, using WASP coupled with SWAT. JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2013;49:1225-1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12085
  42. Marsili-Libelli S, Giusti E. Water quality modelling for small river basins. Environ. Model. Softw. 2008;23:451-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.06.008
  43. Chapra S, Pelletier G, Tao H. QUAL2K: A modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality: Documentation and users manual. Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University, Medford, MA; 2003.
  44. Hvitved-Jacobsen T. The impact of combined sewer overflows on the dissolved oxygen concentration of a river. Water Res. 1982;16:1099-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(82)90125-7
  45. Terry J, Morris E, Bryant C. Water-quality assessment of White River between Lake Sequoyah and Beaver Reservoir, Washington County, Arkansas [Missouri]. Water-resources investigations (USA); 1983.
  46. Bhargava D. Most rapid BOD assimilation in Ganga and Yamuna rivers. J. Environ. Eng. 1983;109:174-188.
  47. Gowda TH. Modelling nitrification effects on the dissolved oxygen regime of the Speed River. Water Res. 1983;17: 1917-1927.
  48. Grenney WJ, Kraszewski AK. Description and application of the Stream Simulation and Assessment Model Version IV (SSAM IV). Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior; 1981.

Cited by

  1. Study of Pollutant Degradation Coefficient in Natural Mangrove Forests vol.997, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.121