Fig. 1. Shear strength reduction of Shimajiri mudstone due to deterioration (Shinjo and Ito, 1989)
Fig. 2. slope failure in cut slope of rail road
Fig. 3. Subsurface profile and sectional plan
Fig. 4. Computed variation of cohesion (c) envelope with time due to deterioration
Fig. 5. Computed envelopes of slope failure and safety factors
Fig. 6. Computed variation of safety factor envelopes with time due to deterioration
Fig. 7. Relationship between cohesion and safety factor
Table 1. Material properties and input data (before slope excavation)
References
- Fookes, P.G., Gourley, C.S., and Ohikere, O. (1988), "Rock Weathering in Engineering Time", Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 21(1): pp.33-57.February 1988. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1988.021.01.03
- Geological Society Engineering Group Working Party Report (1995), "The Description and Classification of Weathered Rocks for Engineering Purposes", Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, The Geological Society, 28, pp.207-242. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1995.028.P3.02
- GEO-SLOPE (2018), "SLOPE/W Computer Program for Slope Stability Analysis", GEO-SLOPE International, Ltd.
- Hagros, A., Johansson, E., and Hudson, J.A. (2007), "Time dependency in the mechanical properties of crystalline rocks: a literature survey", Possiva OY, Finland.
- Huisman, M., Hack, H.R., and Nieuwenhuis, J. (2006), "Predicting Rock Mass Decay in Engineering Lifetimes: The Influence of Slope Aspect and Climate", Environmental and Engineering Geoscience; 12, 1; pp.39-52.
- Huisman, M. (2006), "Assessment of rock mass decay in artificial slopes", PhD Dissertation, Technische Universiteit Delft.
- Jiang, Y., Guan, Z., and Tanabashi, Y. (2007), "Delayed Deformation Analyses for Mountain Tunnels", The Second Half Century of Rock Mechanics, 11th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Lisbon, July 2007, Vol.2, pp.825-828.
- Kang, S.M. (2009), "Geochemical Weathering Deterioration of Rock and Environmental Assessment", Dissertation, Andong National University.
- Kim, N.Y. (2013), "Cases on Tunnel and Slope Collapse Caused by the Fault Zone", Q&A, Journal of KSCE, 61(1), pp.124-128.
- Ladanyi, B. (1974), "Use of the Long-term Strength Concept in the Determination of Ground Pressure on Tunnel Linings", In: 3rd Congr. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Denver, Vol.2B, pp.1150-1156.
- Maekawa, H. and Miyakita, K. (1991), "Effects of Repetition of Drying and Wetting on Mechanical Characteristics of a Diatomaceous Mudstone", Soils and Foundation, Vol.31, No.2, June 1991, pp. 117-133. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.2_117
- Matsunaga, T. (2008), "Study on Prediction of Tunnel Deformation and Rationalization of Measures", PhD These, Kyoto University.
- Mochizuki, A., Ma, X. and Sokkheang, S. (2011), "Failure of a Cut Slope and Deterioration of Shear Strength due to Weathering", Proceeding of TC302 Symposium Osaka 2011 : International Symposium on Backwards Problem in Geotechnical Engineering and Monitoring of Geo-Construction (2011), pp.154-161.
- Morgenstern N.R. and Eigenbrod K.D. (1974), "Classification of Argillaceous Soils and Rocks", dour Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., ASCE, Vol.100, No.GT10, pp.1137-1156.
- Momeni, A., Hashemi, S.S., Khanlari, G.G. and Heidari, M. (2017), "The Effect of Weathering on Durability and Deformability Properties of Granitoid Rocks", Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, August 2017, Volume 76, Issue 3, pp.1037-1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0999-7
- Norwick, S. A. and Dexter, L. R. (2002), "Rates of Development of Tafoni in the Moenkopi and Kaibab Formations in Meteor Crater and on the Colorado Plateau, northeastern Arizona", Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, Vol.27, pp.11-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.276
- Ollier, C. (1984), "Weathering", 2nd ed. Longman, Geomorphology Texts, London and New York. 270p.
- Oguchi, C. T., Hatta, T., and Matsukura, Y. (1994), "Changes in Rock Properties of Porous Rhyolite through 40,000 Years in Kozushima, Japan", Geog. Rev. Japan, Vol.67A, pp.775-793 (in Japanese with English abstract).
- Park, B. S., Cho, H., Youn, S. P. and Park, D. I. (2016), "Analysis and evaluation of stability for the reactivated landslide along deep seated weakness zones", International Journal of Geo-Engineering, Volume 7, Paper no. 3, DOI 10.1186/s40703-016-0016-9
- Price, I. R. and Velbel, M. A. (2003), "Chemical Weathering Indices Applied to Weathering Profiles Developed on Heterogeneous Felsic Metamorphic Parent Rocks", Chem. Geol., Vol.202, pp.397-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2002.11.001
- Pye, K. and Miller, J. A. (1990), "Chemical and Biochemical Weathering of Pyrite Mudrocks in a Shale Embankment", Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 23, pp.365-381. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1990.023.04.11
- Sandrone, F. and Labiouse, V. (2010), "Analysis of the Evolution of Road Tunnels Equilibrium Conditions with a Convergence-Confinement Approach", Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, March 2010, Volume 43, Issue 2, pp.201-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-009-0056-y
- Sato, M., Takeda, N., and Kamemura, K. (1983), "Numerical Analysis of Rock behaviour Considering Time-dependent Strength", Japanese Geotechnical Society, pp.817-820 (in Japanese).
- Selby, M. J. (1993), "Hillslope Materials and Processes", 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Shinjo, T. and Ito, T. (1989), "Slope excavation, In Recent Advances in Soft Rock Research", Rept. of ISSMFE Tech. Com. Soft Rocks and Ind. Soils and Proc. Disc. Ses. 5, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 31-43.
- Sunamura, T. (1996), "A Physical Model for the Rate of Coastal Tafoni Development", The Jour. of Geol., Vol.104, pp.741-748. https://doi.org/10.1086/629866
- Sungjee Construction Co. (2008), "Report on stability assessment for tunnel under express highway", Section 12-4, Construction of Gyeongbu High Speed Rail: Phase Two (II).
- Tating, F., Hack, R., and Jetten, V. (2013a), "Engineering Aspects and Time Effects of Rapid Deterioration of Sandstone in the Tropical Environment of Sabah, Malaysia", Engineering Geology 159 (2013) pp.20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.03.009
- Tating, F., Hack, R., and Jetten, V. (2013b), "Weathering and Deterioration as Quantitative Factors in Slope Design in Humid Tropical Areas; Case Study Northern Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia", Ingeokring Newsletter. 33. ISSN: 1384-1351, pp.22-28.
- Utili, S. (2004), "Evolution of Natural Slopes Subject to Weathering an Analytical and Numerical Study", PhD Dissertation, Milan University of Technology.
- Utili, S. (2005), "An Analytical Relationship for Weathering Induced Slope Retrogression: A Benchmark", Rivista Italiana Di Geotecnica 2/2005, pp.9-30.
- Walkinshaw, J.L. and Santi, P.M. (1996), "Landslide: Investigation and Mitigation, Chapter 21- Shales and Other Degradable Materials", Transportation Research Board Special Report, Issue Number: 247, pp.555-576.
- Yoshida, N., Nishi, M., Kitamura, M., and Adachi, T. (1997), "Analysis of Mudstone Deterioration and its Effect on Tunnel Performance", International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Volume 34, Issues 3-4, April-June 1997, pp.353-353.
- Yoshida, N., Morgenstern, N.R., and Chart, D.H. (1990), "A Failure Criterion for Stiff Soils and Rocks Exhibiting Softening", Can. Geotech. dour, Vol.27, pp.195-229. https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-023
- Yoshida, N. and Adachi, T. (1994), "F.E. Analysis of Strength Deterioration in Stiff Clays and Mudstones Upon Excavation", jour. Japan Soc. Dam Eng., No.13, pp.14-28.