DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Screening of Flavonoid Compounds with HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitory Activities

플라보노이드 화합물로부터 HMG-CoA reductase 저해 활성 물질 탐색

  • Son, Kun Ho (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University) ;
  • Lee, Ju Yeon (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong Soon (Forest Resources Development Institute of Gyeongsangbuk-do) ;
  • Kang, Sam Sik (Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University) ;
  • Sohn, Ho Yong (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University) ;
  • Kwon, Chong Suk (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University)
  • 손건호 (안동대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이주연 (안동대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이정순 (경상북도산림자원개발원) ;
  • 강삼식 (서울대학교 천연물과학연구소) ;
  • 손호용 (안동대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 권정숙 (안동대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2017.11.08
  • Accepted : 2018.01.16
  • Published : 2018.02.28

Abstract

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used drugs for lowering blood lipid levels and preventing cardiovascular diseases. HMG-CoA reductase is a key enzyme to control the biosynthesis of cholesterol. We have tested HMG-CoA reductase-inhibitory activity on the flavonoids of 98 species in vitro. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activities of flavonoids were studied using an HMG-CoA reductase assay equipped with a 96-well UV plate. This assay was based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the decrease in absorbance, which represents the oxidation of NADPH by the catalytic subunit of HMG-CoA reductase in the presence of the substrate HMG-CoA. Among the clinically available statins, pravastatin was used as a positive control. Among the tested compounds, kuraridin, morin and sophoraflavanone G showed strong inhibition activities. In particular, morin and sophoraflavanone G inhibited HMG-CoA reductase by 45.0% and 54.6% at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$, and the $IC_{50}$ values were calculated to $13.31{\mu}g/ml$ and $7.26{\mu}g/ml$ respectively.

심혈관계 질환은 질환별 사망률 순위에 있어서 세계에서는 1위이며, 우리나라에서는 2위인 질병이다. 심혈관계 질환 발생의 주 위험 요인인 콜레스테롤은 HMG-CoA reductase에 의해 간에서 신생합성이 조절된다. 현재 고콜레스테롤혈증 치료에 statin이 널리 사용되고 있지만 광범위한 부작용이 보고되고 있어서 이를 대체하거나 보조할 수 있는 천연물 유래의 기능성 물질 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 혈장 콜레스테롤 감소 활성을 가지는 물질을 발굴하고자 98종의 플라보노이드 및 그와 관련된 화합물들을 대상으로 $10{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 HMG-CoA reductase 저해 활성을 탐색하였다. 그 결과, sophoraflavanone G, morin, 및 kuraridin이 각각 54.6%, 45.04% 및 21.9%의 저해활성을 타내었으며, $IC_{50}$값을 계산한 결과, sophoraflavanone G가 $7.3{\mu}g/ml$로 가장 낮았으며 morin과 kuraridin은 각각 $13.3{\mu}g/ml$$87.4{\mu}g/ml$으로 확인되어, 향후 고콜레스테롤혈증 예방 및 치료제의 가능성을 제시하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson, J. W., Johnstone, B. M. and Cook-Newell, M. E. 1995. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199508033330502
  2. Anderson, K. M., Wilson, P. W., Garrison, R. J. and Castelli, W. P. 1987. Longitudinal and secular trends in lipoprotein cholesterol measurements in a general population sample. The Framingham offspring study. Atherosclerosis 68, 59-66.
  3. Ansell, B. J., Watson, K. E. and Fogelman, A. M. 1999. An evidence-based assessment of the NCEP adult treatment panel II guidelines. JAMA. 282, 2051-2057. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.21.2051
  4. Arai, Y., Watanabe, S., Kimira, M., Shimoi, K., Mochizuki, R. and Kinae, N. 2000. Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. J. Nutr. 130, 2243-2250. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.9.2243
  5. Bagchi, D., Sen, C. K., Ray, S. D., Das, D. K., Bagchi, M., Preuss, H. G. and Vinson, J. A. 2003. Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Mutat. Res. 523-524, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00324-X
  6. Belinky, P. A., Aviram, M., Mahmood, S. and Vaya, J. 1998. Structural aspects of the inhibitory effect of glabridin on LDL oxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24, 1419-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00006-9
  7. Blankenhorn, D. H., Johnson, R. L., Nessim, S. A., Azen, S. P., Sanmarco, M. E. and Selzer, R. H. 1987. The cholesterol lowering atherosclerosis study (CLAS): design, methods and baseline results. Control Clin. Trials. 8, 356-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(87)90156-5
  8. Chae, S. W., Lee, S. Y., Kim, J. S., Bae, K. H., Kim, S. K. and Kang, S. S. 2006. Constituents from Hypericum ascyron. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 37, 162-168.
  9. Chen, L., Cheng, X., Shi, W., Lu, Q., Go, V. L., Heber, D. and Ma, L. 2000. Inhibition of growth of Streptococcus mutans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin resistant enterococci by kurarinone, a bioactive flavonoid isolated from Sophora flavescens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 3574-3575.
  10. Cheng, G., Bai, Y., Zhao, Y., Tao, J., Liu, Y., Tu, G., Ma, L., Liao, N. and Xu, X. 2000. Flavonoids from Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa. Tetrahedron 56, 8915-8920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(00)00842-5
  11. Cherdshewasart, W., Subtang, S. and Dahlan, W. 2007. Major isoflavonoid contents of the phytoestrogen rich-herb Pueraria mirifica in comparison with Pueraria lobata. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 43, 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.013
  12. Cho, J. Y., Lee, K. D., Park, S. Y., Jeong, W. C., Moon, J. H. and Ham, K. S. 2013. Isolation and identification of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitors from the stem bark of the Nutgall tree (Rhus javanica linne). J. Kor. Soc. Applie. Biol. Chem. 56, 547-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-013-3140-7
  13. Cook, N. C. and Samman, S. 1996. Flavonoids- Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(95)00168-9
  14. Craig, W. J. 1999. Health-promoting properties of common herbs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 491S-499S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.3.491s
  15. De Naeyer, A., Vander Berghe, W., Pocock, V., Milligan, S., Haegeman, G. and De Keukeleire, D. 2004. Estrogenic and anticarcinogenic properties of kurarinone, a lavandulyl flavanone from the roots of Sophora flavescens. J. Nat. Prod. 67, 1829-1832. https://doi.org/10.1021/np040069a
  16. Di Carlo, G., Mascolo, N., Izzo, A. A. and Capasso, F. 1999. Flavonoids: old and new aspects of a class of natural therapeutic drugs. Life Sci. 65, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00120-4
  17. Diaz, F., Chavez, D., Lee, D. H., Mi, Q., Chai, H. B., Tan, G. T., Kardono, L. B. S., Riswan, S., Fairchild, C. R., Wild, R., Farnsworth, N. R., Cordell, G. A., Pezzuto, J. M. and Kinghorn, A. D. 2003. Cytotoxic flavone analogues of vitexicarpin, a constituent of the leaves of Vitex negundo. J. Nat. Prod. 66, 865-867. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0300784
  18. Ding, P. L., Liao, Z. X., Huang, H., Zhou, P. and Chen, D. F. 2006. (+)-12alpha-Hydroxysophocarpine, a new quinolizidine alkaloid and related anti-HBV alkaloids from Sophora flavescens. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16, 1231-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.073
  19. Do, J. C., Son, K. H. and Kang, S. S. 1988. Studies on the constituents of the roots of Rubus parvifolius (I) -isolation of (-)-epicatechin-. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 19, 170-173.
  20. Ebadi, M. 2002. Flavonoids. In: Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine. CRC Press, 393-403.
  21. Endo, A. 1992. The discovery and development of HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors. J. Lipid Res. 33, 1569-1582.
  22. Fang, S. H., Hou, Y. C., Chang, W. C., Hsiu, S. L., Chao, P. D. and Chiang, B. L. 2003. Morin sulfates/glucuronides exert anti-inflammatory activity on activated macrophages and decreased the incidence of septic shock. Life Sci. 74, 743-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.017
  23. Galisteo, M., Garcia-Saura, M. F., Jimenez, R., Villar, I. C., Zarzuelo, A., Vargas, F. and Duarte, J. 2004. Effects of chronic quercetin treatment on antioxidant defense system and oxidative status of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt- hypertensive rats. Mol. Cell Biochem. 259, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MCBI.0000021360.89867.64
  24. Galvez, J., Coelho, G., Crespo, M. E., Cruz, T., Rodriguez-Cabezas, M. E., Concha, A., Gonzalez, M. and Zarzuelo, A. 2001. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of morin on chronic experimental colitis in the rat. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15, 2027-2039. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01133.x
  25. Gordon, T. and Kannel, W. B. 1972. Predisposition to atherosclerosis in the head, heart, and legs. The Framingham study. JAMA. 221, 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03200200011003
  26. Grundy, S. M. 1977. Treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30, 985-992. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/30.6.985
  27. Grundy, S. M. 1998. Statin trials and goals of cholesterol-lowering therapy. Circulation 97, 1436-1439. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1436
  28. Gujer, R., Magnolato, D. and Self, R. 1986. Glucosylated flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from Sorghum. Phytochem. 25, 1431-1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81304-7
  29. Han, A. R., Kim, J. B., Lee, J., Nam, J. W., Lee, I. S., Shim, C. K., Lee, K. T. and Seo, E. K. 2007. A new flavanone glycoside from the dried immature fruits of Poncirus trifoliata. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55, 1270-1273. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.55.1270
  30. Haramaki, N., Aggarwal, S., Kawabata, T., Droy-Lefaix, M. T. and Packer, L. 1994. Effects of natural antioxidant Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 16, 789-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)90194-5
  31. Harborne, J. B. and Williams, G. A. 2000. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 55, 481-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1
  32. Hertog, M. G., Kromhout, D., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R. and Fidanza, F. 1995. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 381-386. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430040053006
  33. Horvatha, C. R., Martosb, P. A. and Saxena, P. K. 2005. Identification and quantification of eight flavones in root and shoot tissues of the medicinal plant Huang-qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A. 1062, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.030
  34. Hsiang, C. Y., Hsieh, C. L., Wu, S. L., Lai, I. L. and Ho, T. Y. 2001. Inhibitory effect of anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory herbs on herpes simplex virus replication. Am. J. Chin. Med. 29, 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X01000472
  35. Huang, W. H., Chien, P. Y., Yang, C. H. and Lee, A. R. 2003. Novel synthesis of flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis Gerogi. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 51, 339-340. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.51.339
  36. Jin, J. H., Kim, J. S., Kang, S. S., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W. and Kim, H. P. 2010. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of total flavonoids of the roots of Sophora flavescens. J. Ethnopharmacol. 127, 589-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.020
  37. Jung, H. J., Kang, S. S., Woo, J. J. and Choi, J. S. 2005. A new lavandulylated flavonoid with free radical and ONOO-scavenging activities from Sophora flavescens. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 1333-1336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977897
  38. Jung, M. J., Kang, S. S., Jung, H. A., Kim, G. J. and Choi, J. S. 2004. Isolation of flavonoids and a cerebroside from the stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27, 593-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980155
  39. Kadarian, C., Broussalis, A. M., Mino, J., Lopez, P., Gorzalczany, S., Ferraro, G. and Acevedo, C. 2002. Hepatoprotective activity of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Pharmacol. Res. 45, 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2001.0904
  40. Kang, M. H., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. H., Cho, S. Y., Choi, J. S., Kim, Y. S., Kang, S. S. and Jung, C. S. 2006. Antigastritic and anti helicobacter pylori of trifolirhizin from Sophora radix. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 37, 266-271.
  41. Kang, M. S. 2009. Isolation of an antibacterial substance against tetracycline resistant gene, tetB, from Poncirus trifoliata. M. A. Thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea.
  42. Kang, S. S. 1981. Flavonoids from the leaves of Polygonum sachalinense fr. schm.(I). Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 12, 208-210.
  43. Kang, S. S. 1991. Flavonoids from Epimedium koreanum. J. Nat. Prod. 54, 542-546. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50074a029
  44. Kang, S. S., Chang, Y. S. and Kim, J. S. 2000. Two new acylated flavonol glycosides from Vicia amurensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 48, 1242-1245. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.48.1242
  45. Kang, S. S., Choi, J. S., Lee, M. W., Lee, T. S. and Kim, J. S. 1998. Antioxidant components from Aralia continentalis. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 29, 13-17.
  46. Kang, S. S., Choi, J. S., Woo, W. S. and Chi, H. J. 1983. Isorhamnetin glycosides from the leaves of Typha latifolia. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 14, 137-139.
  47. Kang, S. S., Kang, Y. J. and Lee, M. W. 1991. Flavonoids from Epimedium koreanum. J. Nat. Prod. 54, 542-546. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50074a029
  48. Kang, S. S., Kim, J. G., Lee, T. H. and Oh, K. B. 2006. Flavonols inhibit sortases and sortase-mediated Staphylococcus aureus clumping to fibrinogen. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29, 1751-1755. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1751
  49. Kang, S. S., Kim, J. S., Kim, H. J., Jung, Y. R. and Shin, S. W. 1994. Phytochemical analysis of Viticis fructus. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 25, 214-220.
  50. Kang, S. S., Kim, J. S., Kwak, W. J. and Kim, K. H. 1990. Flavonoids from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 21, 111-120.
  51. Kang, S. S., Kim, J. S., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W. and Kim, H. P. 2000. A new prenylated flavanone from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Fitoterapia 71, 511-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00165-9
  52. Kang, S. S., Kim, J. S., Son, K. H., Kim, H. P. and Chang, H. W. 2000. Isolation of cox-2 Inhibitors from Alpinia officinarum. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 31, 57-62.
  53. Kang, S. S., Lee, Y. S. and Lee, E. B. 1988. Saponins and flavonoid glycosides from Yellow sweetclover. Arch. Pharm. Res. 11, 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861309
  54. Kang, S. S., Shin, K. H., Chung, S. G. and Cho, E. H. 1988. Flavonoids from Epimedium koreanum. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 19, 93-96.
  55. Kang, S. S., Um, B. H., Kim, J. S. and Ahn, B. T. 1997. Isolation of flavonoids from Evodiae fructus. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 28, 9-14.
  56. Kawabata, K., Tanaka, T., Honjo, S., Kakumoto, M., Hara, A., Makita, H., Tatematsu, N., Ushida, J., Tsuda, H. and Mori, H. 1999. Chemopreventive effect of dietary flavonoid morin on chemically induced rat tongue carcinogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 83, 381-386. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991029)83:3<381::AID-IJC14>3.0.CO;2-X
  57. Kazakov, A. L., Kechatov, E. A. and Chemerko, V. M. 1975. Isoflavones of the oilcake of the seeds of Glycyne hispida. Chem. Nat. Compd. 11, 264-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00570693
  58. Kim, D. W., Chi, Y. S., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W., Kim, J. S., Kang, S. S. and Kim, H. P. 2002. Effects of sophoraflavanone G, a prenylated flavonoid from Sophora flavescens, on cyclooxygenase-2 and in vivo inflammatory response. Arch. Pharm. Res. 25, 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976635
  59. Kim, Y. C., Kim, H. S., Wataya, Y., Sohn, D. H., Kang, T. H., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. M., Lee, G. M., Chang, J. D. and Park, H. 2004. Antimalarial activity of lavandulyl flavanones isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27, 748-750. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.748
  60. Kim, J. S., Byun, J. H., Kang, S. S., Son, K. H., Kim, H. P. and Chang, H. W. 2002. Isolation of flavonoids and a saponin from Echinosophora koreensis. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 33, 110-115.
  61. Kim, J. S., Kim, Y. J., Lee, J. Y. and Kang, S. S. 2008. Phytochemical studies on Paeoniae radix (2); phenolic and related compounds. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 39, 28-36.
  62. Kim, J. S., Shim, S. H., Xu, Y. N., Kang, S. S., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W., Kim, H. P. and Bae, K. 2004. Phenolic Glycosides from Pyrola japonica. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 52, 714-717. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.714
  63. Kim, Y. C., Kim, H. S., Wataya, Y., Sohn, D. H., Kang, T. H., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. M., Lee, G. M., Chang, J. D. and Park, H. 2004. Antimalarial activity of lavandulyl flavanones isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27, 748-750. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.748
  64. Kuo, H. M., Chang, L. S., Lin, Y. L., Lu, H. F., Yang, J. S., Lee, J. H. and Chung, J. G. 2007. Morin inhibits the growth of human leukemia HL-60 cells via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis through mitochondria dependent pathway. Anticancer Res. 27, 395-405.
  65. Kuroyanagi, M., Arakawa, T., Hirayama, Y. and Hayashi, T. 1999. Antibacterial and antiandrogen flavonoids from Sophora flavescens. J. Nat. Prod. 62, 1595-1599. https://doi.org/10.1021/np990051d
  66. Laughton, M. J., Evans, P. J., Moroney, M. A., Hoult, J. R. and Halliwell, B. 1999. Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dietary additives. Relationship to antioxidant activity and to iron ion-reducing ability. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42, 1673-1681.
  67. Lee, D. H. 2007. Studies on the flavonoid constituents isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. M. A. Thesis, Andong National University, Andong, Korea.
  68. Lee, E. J., Kim, J. S., Kim, H. P., Lee, J. H. and Kang, S. S. 2010. Phenolic constituents from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica and their 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activities. Food Chem. 120, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.088
  69. Lee, E. J., Yean, M. H., Jung, H. S., Kim, J. S. and Kang, S. S. 2008. Phytochemical studies on Astragalus Root (2) - flavonoids and a lignan. Nat. Prod. Sci. 14, 131-137.
  70. Lee, J. I., Hsu, B. H., Wu, D. and Barrett, J. S. 2006. Separation and characterization of silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin in milk thistle extract by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 1116, 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.053
  71. Lee, J. Y. 2013. Glycosides from the aerial parts of Patriia villosa. Ph. D. Thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
  72. Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. Y., Kim, J. S., Lee, J. H. and Kang, S. S. 2012. Flavonoids from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 43, 127-136.
  73. Lennernas, H. and Fager, G. 1997. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Similarities and differences. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32, 403-425. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199732050-00005
  74. Li, W., Sun, Y. N., Yan, X. T., Yang, S. Y., Choi, C. W. and Kim, Y. H. 2013. Phenolic compounds from Desmodium caudatum. Nat. Prod. Sci. 19, 215-220.
  75. Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Wurthwein, G. and Rohdewald, P. 2004. Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life Sci. 74, 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.037
  76. Liu, Q., Zeng, H., Jiang, S., Zhang, L., Yang, F., Chen, X. and Yang, H. 2015. Separation of polyphenols from leaves of Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder by off-line two-dimensional high speed counter-current chromatography combined with recycling elution mode. Food Chem. 186, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.037
  77. Lopez-Lopez, G., Moreno, L., Cogolludo, A., Galisteo, M., Ibarra, M., Duarte, J., Lodi, F., Tamargo, J. and Perez-Vizcaino, F. 2004. Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and NO protecting effects of quercetin and their biological significance in vascular smooth muscle. Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 851-859. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.65.4.851
  78. Manna, S. K., Aggarwal, R. S., Sethi, G., Aggarwal, B. B. and Ramesh, G. T. 2007. Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-Pentahydroxyflavone) abolishes nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation induced by various carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli, leading to suppression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$-regulated gene expression and up-regulation of apoptosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 2290-2297. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2394
  79. Harboume, J. B. 1993. The impact of plant flavonoids on mammalian biology: implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer. In: The flavonoids advances in research since 1986. 619-652.
  80. Mojzisova, G. and Kuchta, M. 2001. Dietary flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. Physiol. Res. 50, 529-535.
  81. Nogata, Y., Sakamoto, K., Shiratsuchi, H., Ishii, T., Yano, M. and Ohta, H. 2006. Flavonoid composition of fruit tissues of Citrus species. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70, 178-192. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70.178
  82. O'Rourke, Y., VanderZanden, A., Shepard, D. and Leach-Kemon, K. 2015. Cardiovascular disease worldwide, 1990-2013. JAMA. 314, 1905. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.14994
  83. Ocete, M. A., Galvez, J., Crespo, M. E., Cruz, T., Gonzalez, M., Torres, M. I. and Zarzuelo, A. 1998. Effects of morin on an experimental model of acute colitis in rats. Pharmacology 57, 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1159/000028250
  84. Okigawa, M., Kawano, N., Aqil, M. and Rahman, W. 1973. The structure of ochnaflavone, a new type of biflavone and the synthesis of its pentamethyl ether. Tetrahedron Lett. 14, 2003-2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96104-0
  85. Osman, H. E., Maalej, N., Shanmuganayagam, D. and Folts, J. D. 1998. Grape juice but not orange or grapefruit juice inhibits platelet activity in dogs and monkeys. J. Nutr. 128, 2307-2312. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.12.2307
  86. Paladini, A. C., Marder, M., Viola, H., Wolfman, C., Wasowski, C. and Medina, J. H. 1999. Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic compounds. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51, 519-526. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357991772790
  87. Park, C., So, H. S., Shin, C. H., Baek, S. H., Moon, B. S., Shin, S. H., Lee, H. S., Lee, D. W. and Park, R. 2003. Quercetin protects the hydrogen peroxide- induced apoptosis via inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66, 1287-1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00478-7
  88. Park, J. G., Cheon, H. J., Kim, Y. S., Kang, S. S., Choi, J. S. and Lee, S. M. 2007. Hepatoprotective activities of daidzin, daidzein, genistein and puerarin in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Yakhak Hoeji. 51, 115-125.
  89. Park, S. H. 2014. Antioxidant compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of Daphne genkwa S. et Z. Ph. D. Thesis, Woosuk University, Wanju, Korea.
  90. Park, S. W., Lee, C. H., Kim, Y. S., Kang, S. S., Jeon, S. J. Son, K. H. and Lee, S. M. 2008. Protective effect of baicalin against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in mice. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 106, 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FP0071392
  91. Park, S. Y., Kim, J. S., Lee, S. Y. Bae, K. H. and Kang, S. S. 2008. Chemical constituents of Lathyrus davidii. Nat. Prod. Sci. 14, 281-288.
  92. Pascual, M. E., Slowing, K., Carretero, E., Sanchez Mata, D. and Villar, A. 2001. Lippia: traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology: a review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 76, 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00234-3
  93. Pietri, S., Maurelli, E., Drieu, K. and Culcasi, M. 1997. Cardioprotective and anti-oxidant effects of the terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29, 733-742. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.1996.0316
  94. Read, M. A. 1995. Flavonoids: naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agents. Am. J. Pathol. 147, 235-237.
  95. Ren, W., Qiao, Z., Wang, H., Zhu, L. and Zhang, L. 2003. Flavonoids: promising anticancer agents. Med. Res. Rev. 23, 519-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.10033
  96. Rump, A. F., Schussler, M., Acar, D., Cordes, A., Ratke, R., Theisohn, M., Rosen, R., Klaus, W. and Fricke, U. 1995. Effects of different inotropes with antioxidant properties on acute regional myocardial ischemia in isolated rabbit hearts. Gen. Pharmacol. 26, 603-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(94)00209-6
  97. Ryu, S. Y., Kim, S. K., No, Z. and Ahn, J. W. 1960. A novel flavonoid from Sophora flavescens. Planta. Medica. 62, 361-363.
  98. Ryu, S. N., Han, S. S., Yang, J. J., Jeong, H. G. and Kang, S. S. 2005. Variation of eupatilin and jaceosidin content of Mugwort. Kor. J. Crop Sci. 50, 204-207.
  99. Samuelsen, A. B. 2000. The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Planta go major L. A. Review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 71, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00212-9
  100. Shen, C. C., Lin, T. W., Huang, Y. L., Wan, S. T., Shien, B. J. and Chen, C. C. 2006. Phenolic constituents of the roots of Sophora flavenscens. J. Nat. Prod. 69, 1237-1240. https://doi.org/10.1021/np060189d
  101. Shen, J. G. and Zhou, D. Y. 1995. Efficient of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in antioxidant protection against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 35, 125-134.
  102. Shim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Kim, J. S., Son, K. H. and Kang, S. S. 2005. Norditerpenoid alkaloids and other components from the processed tubers of Aconitum carmichaeli. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 1239-1243. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02978206
  103. Shin, H. J., Lee, S. Y., Kim, J. S., Lee, S. H., Choi, R. J., Chung, H. S., Kim, Y. S. and Kang, S. S. 2012. Sesquiterpenes and other constituents from Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 60, 306-314. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.60.306
  104. Slimestada, R., Torskangerpoll, K., Nateland, H. S., Johannessen, T. and Giske, N. H. 2005. Flavonoids from Black chokeberries, Aronia melanocarpa. J. Food Compos. Anal. 18, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2003.12.003
  105. Son, K. H., Kim, J. S., Kang, S. S., Kim, H. P. and Chang, H. W. 1994. Isolation of flavonoids from Lonicera japonica. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 25, 24-27.
  106. Son, K. H., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. S., Kang, S. S., Sohn, H. Y. and Kwon, C. S. 2017. Screening of phenolic compounds with inhibitory activities against HMG-CoA reductase. J. Life Sci. 27, 325-333. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2017.27.3.325
  107. Tashiro, M., Suzuki, F., Shirataki, Y., Yokote, Y., Akahane, K., Motohashi, N., Ishihara, M., Jiang, Y. and Sakagami, H. 2002. Effects of prenylflavanones from Sophora species on growth and activation of mouse macrophage-like cell line. Anticancer Res. 22, 53-58.
  108. Varga, E. 2002 The protective effect of EGb 761 in isolated ischemic/reperfused rat hearts. Acta. Pharm. Hung. 72, 265-271.
  109. Wierzbicki, A. S. 2003. New lipid-lowering agents. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs. 8, 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728214.8.2.365
  110. Wong, R. and Horowitz, R. M. 1986. The x-ray crystal and molecular structure of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone sweetener. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1. 5, 843-848.
  111. Wu, T. W., Zeng, L. H., Wu, J. and Fung, K. P. 1993. Morin hydrate is a plant-derived and antioxidant-based hepatoprotector. Life Sci. 53, 213-218.
  112. Wu, T. W., Zeng, L. H., Wu, J. and Fung, K. P. 1994. Morin: a wood pigment that protects three types of human cells in the cardiovascular system against oxyradical damage. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 1099-1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(94)90424-3
  113. Yamashiro, S., Noguchi, K., Matsuzaki, T., Miyagi, K., Nakasone, J., Sakanashi, M., Sakanashi, M., Kukita, I., Aniya, Y. and Sakanashi, M. 2003. Cardioprotective effects of extracts from Psidium guajava L. and Limonium wrightiiy Okinawan medicinal plants, against ischemia-reperfusion injury in perfused rat hearts. Pharmacology 67, 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067799
  114. Yoo, S. W., Kim, J. S., Kang, S. S., Son, K. H., Chang, H. W., Kim, H. P., Bae, K. H. and Lee, C. O. 2002. Constituents of the fruits and leaves of Euodia daniellii. Arch. Pharm. Res. 25, 824-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976999
  115. Yu, Z., Fong, W. P. and Cheng, C. H. 2006. The dual actions of morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) as a hypouricemic agent: uricosuric effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316, 169-175.
  116. Zhan, S. and Ho, S. C. 2005. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81, 397-408. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.81.2.397
  117. Zhang, Y., Zhu, H., Ye, G., Huang, C., Yang, Y., Chen, R., Yu, Y. and Cui, X. 2006. Antiviral effects of sophoridine against coxsackievirus B3 and its pharmacokinetics in rats. Life Sci. 78, 1998-2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.034
  118. Zhang, R., Kang, K. A., Piao, M. J., Ko, D. O., Wang, Z. H., Chang, W. Y., You, H. J., Lee, I. K., Kim, B. J., Kang, S. S. and Hyun, J. W. 2009. Preventive effect of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone against oxidative stress induced genotoxicity. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 32, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.166