Fig. 1. Effect of Locusta migratoria extract on the osteoblastic cell cytotoxicity.
Fig. 2. Effect of Locusta migratoria extract on the ALP activity and staining of osteoblastic cells.
Fig. 3. Effect of Locusta migratoria extract on osteoblatogenesis related gene expression.
Fig. 4. Effect of Locusta migratoria extract on osteoblatogenesis related protein expression.
Table 1. The sequences of primers for RT-PCR
References
- Arumugam, B., Balagangadharan, K. and Selvamurugan, N. 2018. Syringic acid, a phenolic acid, promotes osteoblast differentiation by stimulation of Runx2 expression and targeting of Smad7 by miR-21 in mouse mesenchymal stem cell. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 12, 561-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-018-0449-3
- Baek, M., Seo, M., Kim, M. A., Yun, E. Y. and Hwang, J. S. 2017. The antioxidant activities and hair-growth promotion effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae extracts (TMEs). J. Life Sci. 27, 1269-1275.
- Broskey, A. L. 1992. Non-collagen matrix proteins and their role in mineralization. Bone Miner. 6, 111-123.
- Canalis, E., McMarthy, T. and Centrella, M. 1988. Growth factors and the regulation of bone remodeling. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 277-281. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI113318
- Cerritos, R. 2009. Insects as food: an ecological, social and economical approach. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Nutr. Nat. Resour. 4, 027.
- Chao, D., Bahl, P., Houlbrook, S., Hoy, L., Harris, A. and Austyn, J. M. 1999. Human cultured dendritic cells show differential sensitivity to chemotherapy agents as assessed by the MTS assay. Br. J. Cancer 81, 1280-1284. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6694366
-
Freude, T., Braun, K. F., Haug, A., Pscherer, S., Stockle, U., Nussler, A. K. and Ehnert, S. 2012. Hyperinsulinemia reduces osteoblast activity in vitro via upregulation of TGF-
${\beta}$ . J. Mol. Med. 90, 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-012-0948-2 - Gong, W., Dong, Y., Wang, S., Gao, X. and Chen, X. 2017. A novel nano-sized bioactive glass stimulates osteogenesis via the MAPK pathway. RSC Adv. 7, 13760-13767. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA26713K
- Han, S. M., Lee, S. H., Yun, C. Y., Kang, S. W., Lee, K. G., Kim, I. S., Yun, E. Y, Lee, P. J., Kim, S. Y. and Hwang, J. S. 2006. Inhibition of nitric oxide production by ladybug extracts (Harmonia axyridis) in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 45, 31-36.
- Harada, S. I. and Rodan, G. A. 2003. Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature 423, 349-355. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01660
- Hinks, C. F. and Erlandson, M. A. 1994. Rearing grasshoppers and locust: Review, rationale and update. J. Orthoptera Res. 3, 1-10.
- Hou, X., Shen, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., Qin, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, L. and Sun, X. 2012. A specific oligodeoxynucleotide promotes the differentiation of osteoblasts via ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 7902-7914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13077902
- Jeon, M. H. and Kim, M. 2011. Effect of Hijikia fusiforme fraction on proliferation and differentiation in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1. J. Life Sci. 21, 300-308. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2011.21.2.300
- Jeon, M. H., Kim, Y. K., Park, Y. S., Hwang, H. J., Kim, S. G., Lee, S. H., Choi, I. S. and Kim, M. 2010. Effect of pine (Pinus densiflora) needle extracts on synthesis of collagen in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J. Life Sci. 20, 607-613. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.4.607
- Jilka, R. L. 1988. Cytokines, bone remodeling and estrogen deficiency. Bone 23, 75-81.
- Kim, H. K., Kim, M. G. and Leem, K. H. 2014. Collagen hydrolysates increased osteogenic gene expressions via a MAPK signaling pathway in MG-63 human osteoblasts. Food Funct. 5, 573-578. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60509d
- Kim, Y., Han, H. and Park, Y. 2015. The plan for activation of insect industry. Korea Rural Economic Institute R758, 1-148.
- Kim, Y. H., Jung, J. K., Lee, G. S. and Koh, Y. H. 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acridae) in Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea using two mitochondrial genes. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 55, 459-464.
- Koo, H. J., Sohn, E. H. and Kang, S. C. 2013. The optimal combination of the mixture of unripe Rubus coreanus and Astragalus membranaceus in the activation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells. Kor. J. Plant Res. 26, 658-662. https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2013.26.5.658
- Lee, J. W. and Lee, I. S. 2004. Effects of Rubus coreanus Miquel extracts on the activity and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell. J. Life Sci. 14, 967-974. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2004.14.6.967
- Lee, M. R., Kim, J. C., Lee, S. J., Kim, S., Lee, S. J., Park, S. E., Lee, W. H. and Kim, J. S. 2017. Assessment of physiological activity of entomopathogenic fungi with insecticidal activity against locust. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 56, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2017.08.0.019
- Lee, S. M., Kim, M. G., Lee, S. Y. and Kang, T. H. 2010. Effects of Artemisia princeps Extract on bone metabolism. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 39, 363-368. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.3.363
- Liliane, S., Vanden, B. J. and Arnold, D. L. 1993. The myotropic peptides of Locusta migratoria: Structures, distribution, functions and receptors. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 23, 859-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-1748(93)90104-Z
- Lim, S., Leem, J. Y., Lee, C. S., Jang, Y. J., Park, J. W. and Yoon, S. 2007. Antioxidant and cell proliferation effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cell line. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 39, 694-700.
- Metcalf, R. L. and Metcalf, R. A. 1993. Destructive and useful insects: Their habits and control, pp. 1103, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill. NY, USA.
- Pertynski, T. and Stachowiak, G. 2006. Menopause-facts and controversies. Endokrynol. Pol. 57, 52-534.
- Qin, G., Jia, M., Liu, T., Zhang, X., Guo, Y., Zhu, K. Y., Ma, E. and Zhang, J. 2013. Characterization and functional analysis of four glutathione S-transferases from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. PLoS One 8, e58410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058410
- Reffitt, D. M., Ogston, N., Jugdaohsingh, R., Cheung, H. F. J., Evans, B. A. J., Thompson, R. P. H., Powell, J. J. and Hampson, G. N. 2003. Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Bone 32, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00950-X
- Rodriguez-Carballo, E., Gamez, B. and Ventura, F. 2016. P38 MAPK signaling in osteoblast differentiation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 4, 40.
- Ryoo, H. M. and Yoon, W. J. 2005. Role of transcription factors in bone and vascular mineralizaion. Endocriminol. Metab. 20, 589-596.
- Shin, J. M., Park, C. K., Shin, E. J., Jo, T. H. and Hwang, I. K. 2008. Effects of Scutellaria radix extract on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 40, 674-679.
- Stein, G. S., Lian, J. B. and Owen, T. A. 1990. Relationship of cell growth to regulation for tissue-specific gene expression during osteoblast differentiation. FASEB J. 4, 3111-3123. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.4.13.2210157
- Turkez, H., Incekara, U., Guner, A., Aydin, E., Dirican, E. and Togar, B. 2012. The cytogenetic effects of the aqueous extracts of migratory locust (Locusta migratoria L.) in vitro. Toxicol. Ind. Health 30, 233-237.
- Weng, J. J. and Su, Y. 2013. Nuclear matrix-targeting of the osteogenic factor Runx2 is essential for its reconition and activation of the alkaline phosphate gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1830, 2839-2852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.021
- Xing, W., Pourteymoor, S. and Mohan, S. 2011. Ascorbic acid regulates osterix expression in osteoblasts by activation of prolyl hydroxylase and ubiquitination-mediated proteosomal degradation pathway. Physiol. Genomics 43, 749-757. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00229.2010
- Yoo, H. S., Chung, K. H., Lee, K. J., Kim, D. H. and An, J. H. 2017. Melanin extract from Gallus gallus domesticus promotes proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MG-63 cells via bone morphogenetic protein-2 signaling. Nutr. Res. Pract. 11, 190-197. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.190
-
Zeng, X. Z., He, L. G., Wang, S., Wang, K., Zhang, Y. Y., Tao, L., Li, X. J. and Liu, S. W. 2016. Aconine inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells by suppressing NF-
${\kappa}B$ and NFATc1 activation and DC-STAMP expression. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 37, 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2015.85