DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Managing and Minimizing Cost of Energy in Virtual Power Plants in the Presence of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Demand Response Program

  • Barati, Hassan (Department of Electrical Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Ashir, Farshid (Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University)
  • 투고 : 2016.07.01
  • 심사 : 2017.09.09
  • 발행 : 2018.03.01

초록

Virtual power plants can be regarded as systems that have entered the network after restructure of power systems. In fact, these plants are a set of consumers capable of consuming and generating power. In response to widespread implementation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, further investigation of energy management in this type of power plants seems to be of great value. In effect, these vehicles are able to receive and inject power from/into the network. Hence, study of the effects of these vehicles on management of virtual power plants seems to be illuminative. In this paper, management of power consumption/generation in virtual power plants has been investigated in the presence of hybrid electric vehicles. The objective function of virtual power plants problem management is to minimize the overall costs including not only the costs of energy production in power generation units, fuels, and degradation of batteries of vehicles, but also the costs of purchasing electricity from the network. Furthermore, the constraints on the operational of plants, loads and hybrid vehicles, level of penalty for greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2$ and $NO_x$) produced by power plants and vehicles, and demand response to the immediate price of market have all been attended to in the present study. GAMS/Cplex software system and sample power system have been employed to pursue computer implementation and simulation.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. O.K Arslan and O.E. Karasan, "Cost and Emission Impacts of Virtual Power Plant Formation in Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle Penetrated Networks," Energy, vol. 60, pp. 116-124, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.039
  2. A.Y. Saber and G.K. Venayagamoorthy, "Efficient Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources by Gridable Vehicles in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 4-3, pp. 285-294, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2010.2059212
  3. M. Panto, "Stochastic Optimal Charging of Electric- Drive Vehicles With Renewable Energy," Energy, vol. 36-11, pp. 6567-6576, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.006
  4. C. Fernandes, P. Frías and J.M. Latorre, "Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid on Power System Operation Costs: the Spanish Case Study," Appl. Energy, vol. 96, pp. 194-202, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.058
  5. A.Y. Saber and G.K. Venayagamoorthy, "Resource Scheduling Under Uncertainty in A Smart Grid With Renewables and Plug-in Vehicles," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 6-1, pp. 103-109, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2011.2163012
  6. T. K. Kristoffersen, K. Capion and P. Meibom, "Optimal Charging of Electric Drive Vehicles in AMarket Environment," Appl. Energy, vol. 88-5, pp. 1940-1948, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.015
  7. Q. Zhang, B.C. Mclellan, T. Tezuka and K.N. Ishihara, "A Methodology for Economic and Environmental Analysis of Electric Vehicles With Different Operational Conditions," Energy, vol. 61, pp. 118- 127, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.025
  8. M.A. Kromer, A. Bandivadekar and C. Evans, "Long-Term Greenhouse Gas Emission and Petroleum Reduction Goals: Evolutionary Pathways for the Light-Duty Vehicle Sector," Energy, vol. 35, pp. 387- 97, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.10.006
  9. H. Hao, H. Wang and M. Ouyang, "Fuel Conservation and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Emissions Mitigation Scenarios for Chinas Passenger Vehicle Fleet," Energy, vol. 36-11, pp. 6520-6528, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.014
  10. R. Sioshansi and P. Denholm, "The Value of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources," Energy, vol. 31-3, pp. 1-24, 2010.
  11. R. Sioshansi, "Modeling the Impacts of Electricity Tariffs on Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging, Costs, and Emissions," Operation Research Forum, vol. 43-4, pp. 1199-1204, 2012.