Fig. 1. PI activates IκB/NF-κB pathway.
Fig. 2. PI-induced IκBα degradation is associated with macroautophagy.
Fig. 3. Macroautophagy mediates PI-induced IκBα degradation.
Fig. 4. PI-induced IκBα degradation is mediated by Nrf2 up-regulation via both de novo protein synthesis and KEAP1 degradation.
Fig. 5. PI-induced Nrf2 activation suppresses PI-induced cell death.
References
- Aghajanian, C., Soignet, S., Dizon, D.S., Pien, C.S., Adams, J., Elliott, P.J., Sabbatini, P., Miller, V., Hensley, M.L., Pezzulli, S., et al. (2002). A phase I trial of the novel proteasome inhibitor PS341 in advanced solid tumor malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 2505-2511.
- Besse, B., Planchard, D., Veillard, A.S., Taillade, L., Khayat, D., Ducourtieux, M., Pignon, J.P., Lumbroso, J., Lafontaine, C., Mathiot, C., et al. (2012). Phase 2 study of frontline bortezomib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 76, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.09.006
- Coux, O., Tanaka, K., and Goldberg, A.L. (1996). Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65, 801-847. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.004101
- Cuervo, A.M. (2004). Autophagy: many paths to the same end. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 263, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MCBI.0000041848.57020.57
- Ding, Z.B., Hui, B., Shi, Y.H., Zhou, J., Peng, Y.F., Gu, C.Y., Yang, H., Shi, G.M., Ke, A.W., Wang, X.Y., et al. (2011). Autophagy activation in hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the tolerance of oxaliplatin via reactive oxygen species modulation. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 6229-6238. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0816
- Dreger, H., Westphal, K., Weller, A., Baumann, G., Stangl, V., Meiners, S., and Stangl, K. (2009). Nrf2-dependent upregulation of antioxidative enzymes: a novel pathway for proteasome inhibitormediated cardioprotection. Cardiovasc. Res. 83, 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvp107
- Esclatine, A., Chaumorcel, M., and Codogno, P. (2009). Macroautophagy signaling and regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 335, 33-70.
- Fanucchi, M.P., Fossella, F.V., Belt, R., Natale, R., Fidias, P., Carbone, D.P., Govindan, R., Raez, L.E., Robert, F., Ribeiro, M., et al. (2006). Randomized phase II study of bortezomib alone and bortezomib in combination with docetaxel in previously treated advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 5025-5033. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.1853
- Gao, Z., Gammoh, N., Wong, P.M., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P., and Jiang, X. (2010). Processing of autophagic protein LC3 by the 20S proteasome. Autophagy 6, 126-137. https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.6.1.10928
- Goldberg, A.L., Stein, R., and Adams, J. (1995). New insights into proteasome function: from archaebacteria to drug development. Chem. Biol. 2, 503-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/1074-5521(95)90182-5
- Hou, X., Bai, X., Gou, X., Zeng, H., Xia, C., Zhuang, W., Chen, X., Zhao, Z., Huang, M., Jin, J. (2015). 3',4',5',5,7-pentamethoxyflavone sensitizes Cisplatin-resistant A549 cells to Cisplatin by inhibition of Nrf2 pathway. Mol. Cells 38, 396-401. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2015.2183
- Kim, J.Y., Lee, S., Hwangbo, B., Lee, C.T., Kim, Y.W., Han, S.K., Shim, Y.S., and Yoo, C.G. (2000). NF-kappaB activation is related to the resistance of lung cancer cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.2909
- Kobayashi, A., Kang, M.I., Watai, Y., Tong, K.I., Shibata, T., Uchida, K., and Yamamoto, M. (2006). Oxidative and electrophilic stresses activate Nrf2 through inhibition of ubiquitination activity of Keap1. Mol. Cell Biol. 26, 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.26.1.221-229.2006
- Lee, K.H., Jeong, J., and Yoo, C.G. (2013). Long-term incubation with proteasome inhibitors (PIs) induces IkappaBalpha degradation via the lysosomal pathway in an IkappaB kinase (IKK)-dependent and IKK-independent manner. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 32777-32786. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.480921
- Leinonen, H.M., Kansanen, E., Polonen, P., Heinaniemi, M., and Levonen, A.L. (2014). Role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 122, 281-320.
- Li, J., Hou, N., Faried, A., Tsutsumi, S., and Kuwano, H. (2010). Inhibition of autophagy augments 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in human colon cancer in vitro and in vivo model. Eur. J. Cancer 46, 1900-1909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.021
- Lim, J., Lee, S.H., Cho, S., Lee, I.S., Kang, B.Y., and Choi, H.J. (2013). 4-methoxychalcone enhances cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity by inhibiting the Nrf2/ARE-mediated defense mechanism in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol. Cells 36, 340-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10059-013-0123-9
- Ling, Y.H., Liebes, L., Zou, Y., and Perez-Soler, R. (2003). Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the apoptotic response to Bortezomib, a novel proteasome inhibitor, in human H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33714-33723. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M302559200
- Majeski A.E., and Dice, J.F. (2004). Mechanisms of chaperonemediated autophagy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36, 2435-2444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.013
- Maki, C.G., Huibregtse, J.M., and Howley, P.M. (1996). In vivo ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p53(1). Cancer Res. 56, 2649-2654.
- Mandrekar, S.J., Schild, S.E., Hillman, S.L., Allen, K.L., Marks, R.S., Mailliard, J.A., Krook, J.E., Maksymiuk, A.W., Chansky, K., Kelly, K., et al. (2006). A prognostic model for advanced stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. Pooled analysis of North Central Cancer Treatment Group trials. Cancer 107, 781-792. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22049
- Masdehors, P., Omura, S., Merle-Béral, H., Mentz, F., Cosset, J.M., Dumont, J., Magdelénat, H., and Delic, J. (1999). Increased sensitivity of CLL-derived lymphocytes to apoptotic death activation by the proteasome-specific inhibitor lactacystin. Br. J. Haematol. 105, 752-757. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01388.x
- Moriya, S., Che, X.F., Komatsu, S., Abe, A., Kawaguchi, T., Gotoh, A., Inazu, M., Tomoda, A., and Miyazawa, K. (2013). Macrolide antibiotics block autophagy flux and sensitize to bortezomib via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated CHOP induction in myeloma cells. Int. J. Oncol. 42, 1541-1550. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1870
- Mujumdar, N., Mackenzie, T.N., Dudeja, V., Chugh, R., Antonoff, M.B., Borja-Cacho, D., Sangwan, V., Dawra, R., Vickers, S.M., and Saluja, A.K. (2010). Triptolide induces cell death in pancreatic cancer cells by apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Gastroenterology 139, 598-608. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.046
- Pagano, M., Tam, S.W., Theodoras, A.M., Beer-Romero, P., Del Sal, G., Chau, V., Yew, P.R., Draetta, G.F., and Rolfe, M. (1995). Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulating abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Science 269, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7624798
- Palombella, V.J., Rando, O.J., Goldberg, A.L., and Maniatis T. (1994). The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NFkappa B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B. Cell 78, 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(94)90482-0
- Richardson, P.G., Barlogie, B., Berenson, J., Singhal, S., Jagannath, S., Irwin, D., Rajkumar, S.V., Srkalovic, G., Alsina, M., Alexanian, R., et al. (2003). A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2609-2617. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030288
- Ryter, S.W., and Choi, A.M. (2015). Autophagy in lung disease pathogenesis and therapeutics. Redox. Biol. 4, 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.010
- Soligo, D., Servida, F., Delia, D., Fontanella, E., Lamorte, G., Caneva, L., Fumiatti, R., and Lambertenghi Deliliers, G. (2001). The apoptogenic response of human myeloid leukaemia cell lines and of normal and malignant haematopoietic progenitor cells to the proteasome inhibitor PSI. Br. J. Haematol. 113, 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02683.x
- van der Wijst, M.G., Huisman, C., Mposhi, A., Roelfes, G., and Rots, M.G. (2015). Targeting Nrf2 in healthy and malignant ovarian epithelial cells: Protection versus promotion. Mol. Oncol. 9, 1259-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2015.03.003
- Wu, W., Li, W., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, C. (2014). Inhibition of beclin1 affects the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of osteosarcoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 7, 7114-7122.
- Yang, H., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Lin, E., Gao, J., and He, J. (2011). The role of NF-E2-related factor 2 in predicting chemoresistance and prognosis in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin. Lung Cancer 12, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2011.03.012
- Yang, Y., Ikezoe, T., Saito, T., Kobayashi, M., Koeffler, H.P., and Taguchi, H. (2004). Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 induces growth arrest and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells via the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 signaling. Cancer Sci. 95, 176-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03200.x
- Zhou, Z.W., Li, X.X., He, Z.X., Pan, S.T., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Chow, K., Yang, T., Qiu, J.X., Zhou, Q., et al. (2015). Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via sirtuin1- and PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated pathways by plumbagin in human prostate cancer cells. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 9, 1511-1554.
- Zhu, L., Barret, E.C., Xu, Y., Liu, Z., Manoharan, A., and Chen, Y. (2013). Regulation of Cigarette Smoke(CS)-Induced Autophagy by Nrf2. PLoS One 8, e55695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055695
Cited by
- Regulation of Proteasome Activity by (Post-)transcriptional Mechanisms vol.6, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2019.00048