Figure 1. The effects of extracted Jingyoganghwaltang (JG), Cheongsimhwan (CS), and mixture of JG and CS (MIX) on the production of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells.
Figure 2. Effects of JG, CS, and MIX (JG and CS) on the gene expression of IL-1 beta (A), IL-6 (B), INOS (C), and TNF-alpha (D).
Figure 3. Effects of co-treatment of JG and CS on the recto-anus tissue weight of croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat.
Figure 4. Western blots analysis of ICAM1, MMP2, and MMP9 expression in the recto-anus tissue of croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat.
Table 1. Compositions and extracting yields of Jingyoganghwaltang and Cheongsimhwan
Table 2. Primer sequences realtime quantitative PCR
References
- Kaidar-Person O1, Person B, Wexner SD. Hemorrhoidal disease: a comprehensive review. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 ; 204(1) : 102-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.022
- Chong PS, Bartolo DC. Hemorrhoids and Fissure in Ano. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 ; 37(3) : 627-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2008.07.001
- Clinical Practice Committee, American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: Diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids. Gastroenterology. 2004 ; 126 : 1461-2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.001
- Heo J. Donguibogam. Seoul:Bubin Publishers. 2012 : 911-2.
- Nishiki K, Nishinaga K, Kudoh D, Iwai K. Croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat: comparison of anti-inflammatory activity of diflucortolone valerate with other glucocorticoids. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1988 ; 92(4) : 215-25. https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.92.215
- Lohsiriwat V. Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 ; 18(17) : 2009-17. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009
- Ren K, Torres R. Role of interleukin-1beta during pain and inflammation. Brain Res Rev. 2009 ; 60(1) : 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.020
- Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014 ; 6(10) : 1-16.
- Hamalainen M1, Lilja R, Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E. Inhibition of iNOS expression and NO production by anti-inflammatory steroids. Reversal by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 21(2) : 331-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2007.08.003
- Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol. 2008 ; 214(2) : 149-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2287
- Azeemuddin M, Viswanatha GL, Rafiq M, Thippeswamy AH, Baig MR, Kavya KJ, Patki PS, Shyam R. An improved experimental model of hemorrhoids in rats: evaluation of antihemorrhoidal activity of an herbal formulation. ISRN Pharmacol. 2014 ; 2014 : 530931.
- Frank PG, Lisanti MP. ICAM-1: role in inflammation and in the regulation of vascular permeability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 ; 295(3) : H926-7. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00779.2008
- Roy R, Yang J, Moses MA. Matrix metalloproteinases as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in human cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 ; 27 : 5287-97. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.5556