Fig. 2. Stress-strain curve showing strain hardening
Fig. 1. Normal consolidation line and overconsolidation curves
Fig. 3. Critical state line and yield curve in p'-q space (Roscoe and Burland, 1968)
Fig. 4. Design for open-cut type excavation
Fig. 5. Modeling of FEA
Fig. 6. Numerical analysis due to variation of critical state line (M)
Fig. 7. Numerical analysis due to variation of Hydraulic Conductivity
Fig. 8. As a result of numerical analysis
Fig. 9. Groundwater changes by excavation stage
Photo. 1. Subsidence for surrounding ground of excavation site
Fig. 10. GPR exploration mode (Reflection mode)
Fig. 11. GPR exploration before excavation
Fig. 12. GPR exploration after excavation
Photo. 2. Measuring the electrical properties of clayey sand
Table 1. Relationship with variables of underground electrical characteristics, GPR Exploration and Frequency
Table 2. Estimated initial parameters of soils and materials
Table 3. Changes of clayey sand parameters for the sensitivity analysis
Table 4. Electrical properties of clayey sand
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