Fig. 1. Typical failure mechanism of caisson quay wall and quay crane after earthquake
Fig. 2. Experimental model setup for dynamic centrifuge test
Fig. 3. Measurement system installation profile (Model scale, Dimensions in cm)
Fig. 4. Dimensions of the numerical model
Fig. 5. Interface behavior used in the numerical analysis
Fig. 6. Shear modulus and damping ratio fitting results of dry silica sand
Fig. 7. Updated the maximum shear modulus distribution after static equilibrium (Unit, Pa)
Fig. 8. Shear wave velocity of silica sand with confining pressure
Fig. 9. Incremental Volumetric Strain Curves (Martin et al., 1975)
Fig. 10. Changes of volumetric strain as increasing number of cycles (Itasca, 2013)
Fig. 11. Diagrammatic cross section of particulate group showing packing changes that occur during cyclic loading (Youd, 1977)
Fig. 12. Forces acting on a typical waterfront retaining wall (Bellezza et al., 2009)
Fig. 13. Step by step analysis following construction stage
Fig. 14. Comparison of the horizontal acceleration history for the major points
Fig. 15. Comparison of the porewater pressure history for the major points
Fig. 16. Comparison of the permanent displacement of the quay wall
Table 1. Input parameters for the numerical analysis
Table 2. Engineering properties of the silica sands
Table 3. Mathematical fitting function models for nonlinear cyclic behavior of soil in FLAC analysis
Table 4. Engineering parameters of silica sand
References
- Bellezza, I., Fentini, R., Fratalocchi, E., and Pasqualini, E. (2009), "Stability of Waterfront Retaining Walls in Seismic Conditions", Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Egypt.
- Byrne, P.M. (1991), "A Cyclic Shear-volume Coupling and Porepressure Model for Sand", Proceedings of Second International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, Missouri, Paper No.1.24, pp.47-55.
- Choo, Y.W. and Kim, D.S. (2005), "Dynamic Deformation Characteristics of Sands Under Various Drainage Conditions", Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.21, No.3, pp.27-42
- Dokainish, M.A. and Subbaraj, K.A. (1988), "Survey of Direct Time-integration Methods in Computational Structural Dynamics -I. Explicit Methods", Computers and Structures, Vol.32, pp. 1371-1386, DOI:10.1016/0045-7949(89)90314-3.
- Elgamal, A. W., Dobry, R., Parra, E., and Yang, Z. (1998), "Soil Dilation and Shear Deformations During Liquefaction", Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Kim, D.S. and Stokoe, K.H. (1994), "Torsional Motion Monitoring System for Small-Strain (10-5 to 10-3%) Soil Testing", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol.17, No.1, 1994, pp.17-26, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10068J.
- Kim, S.N., Lee, M.G., Ha, J.G., Kim, J.H., and Kim, D.S. (2017), "Comparison of Liquefaction Behavior with Different Relative Density using Centrifuge Test", Proceedings of The 30th KKHTCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Kim, S.R., Kwon, O.S., and Kim M.M. (2004), "Evaluation of Force Components Acting on Gravity Type Quay Walls During Earthquakes", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 24, pp.853-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.04.007
- Kuhlemeyer, R.L. and Lysmer, J. (1973), "Finite Element Method Accuracy for Wave Propagation Problems", Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.99, No.5, pp. 421-427.
- Hardin, B.O. and Drnevich, V.P. (1972), "Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils: Design Equations and Curves", Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol.98, No.SM7, pp.667-692.
- Itasca Consulting Group (2018), FLAC2D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 2 Dimensions) User's Guide, Minnesota, USA.
- Martin, G.R., Finn, W.D.L., and Seed, H.B. (1975), "Fundamentals of Liquefaction under Cyclic Loading", Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.101, (GT5), pp.423-438.
- Matsusawa, H., Ishibashi, I., and Kawamura, M. (1985), "Dynamic Soil and Water Pressures on Submerged Soils", Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.CV, No.4, pp. 449-464.
- Mejia, L.H. and Dawson, E.M. (2006), "Earthquake Deconvolution for FLAC", Proceedings of 4th International FLAC Symposium on Numerical Modelling in Geomechanics, Paper 04-10, ISBN 0-9767577-0-2.
- Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (2016), Development of performancebased seismic design technologies for advancement in design codes for port structures, KIMST, Project No.
- Nozu, A., Ichii, K. and Sugano, T. (2004), "Seismic Design of Port Structures", Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, Vol.4 No.(3-SP), pp.195-208. https://doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_195
- Okamura, M. and Inoue, T. (2012), "Preparation of Fully Saturated Models for Liquefaction Study", International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Vol.12, No.1, pp.39-46. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.2012.12.1.39
- Youd, T.L. (1977), "Packing Changes and Liquefaction Susceptibility", Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.103, GT8, pp.918-923.
- Wener, P.W. and Sundquist, K.J. (1949), "On Hydrodynamic Earthquake Effects", Trans. American Geophysical Union, Vol.30.
- Westergaard H. M. (1933), "Water Pressures on Dams during Earthquakes", Trans. ASCE 98, pp.418-433.
Cited by
- 배수조건에 따른 액상화 수치모델의 거동평가 vol.35, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2019.35.11.63