DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

PCR-DGGE를 통해 분석한 항암치료에 따른 장내 미생물 변화

A PCR Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) Analysis of Intestinal Microbiota in Gastric Cancer Patients Taking Anticancer Agents

  • 유선녕 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 미생물학 및 면역학 교실) ;
  • 안순철 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 미생물학 및 면역학 교실)
  • Yu, Sun Nyoung (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Ahn, Soon Cheol (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine)
  • 투고 : 2017.07.31
  • 심사 : 2017.09.27
  • 발행 : 2017.11.30

초록

인체의 장내에 존재하는 장내 미생물은 서로 공생 또는 길항 관계를 유지하며 우리 몸의 면역 방어 기전에 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 본 연구는 항암제가 위암 환자의 장내 미생물 생태계에 미치는 영향을 조사 하였다. 항암치료를 받는 환자의 분변에서 genomic DNA를 추출하고, 16S rDNA 유전자에 대한 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)를 수행하였다. 분석된 균주는 개체간의 차이가 있었으나, 대부분 사람의 장내에 살고 있는 normal flora로 동정되었다. 모든 분변에 존재하는 5 개 밴드의 서열 분석 결과에 의하면 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Morganella morganii 및 Uncultured bacterium sp.가 나타났고, 항암제 처리 후 Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Lactobacillus gasseri, Parabacteroides distasonis 및 Enterobacter sp.가 증가하였다. 이 연구에서 probiotic으로 알려진 Bifidobacterium과 Lactobacillus를 특이적 PCR primer를 이용하여 동정한 결과, 항암제 투여로 인해 Bifidobacterium과 Lactobacillus의 개체군이 현저하게 줄어들어 diarrhea와 같은 부작용의 원인을 예상하게 하며, 장내 생태계의 주요 박테리아 집단에도 중요한 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 항암제 투여와 같이 시간의 흐름에 따른 균총의 변화를 시각적으로 모니터링하기 위하여 PCR-DGGE 분석법이 유용하다는 것을 나타낸다.

Intestinal microbiota is an important factor in the development of immune defense mechanisms in the human body. Treatments with anticancer agents, such as 5-Fluorouracil, Cisplatin, and Oxaliplatin, significantly change the temporal stability and environment of intestinal bacterial flora. The anticancer treatment chemotherapy often depresses the immune system and induces side effects, such as diarrhea. This study investigated the effects anticancer agents have on the intestinal microbial ecosystems of patients with gastric cancer. An exploration of the diversity and temporal stability of the dominant bacteria was undertaken using a DGGE with the 16S rDNA gene. Researchers collected stool samples from patients zero, two and eight weeks after the patients started chemotherapy. After the treatment with anticancer agents, the bacteria strains Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Lactobacillus gasseri, Parabacteroides distasonis and Enterobacter sp. increased. This study focused on the survival of the beneficial microorganisms Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of cancer patients. The administration of antigastric cancer agents significantly decreased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations and only moderately affected the main bacterial groups in the patients' intestinal ecosystems. The results showed the versatility of a cultivation independent-PCR DGGE analysis regarding the visual monitoring of ecological diversity and anticancer agent-induced changes in patients' complex intestinal microbial ecosystems.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Alvaro, E., Andrieux, C., Rochet, V., Rigottier-Gois, L., Lepercq, P., Sutren, M., Galan, P., Duval, Y., Juste, C. and Dore, J. 2007. Composition and metabolism of the intestinal microbiota in consumers and non-consumers of yogurt. Br. J. Nutr. 97, 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507243065
  2. Barbut, F. and Meynard, J. L. 2002. Managing antibiotic associated diarrhoea. BMJ. 324, 1345-1346. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1345
  3. Dar, S. A., Kuenen, J. G. and Muyzer, G. 2005. Nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach to determine the diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in complex microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 2325-2330. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2325-2330.2005
  4. Domann, E. 2003. Culture-independent identification of pathogenic bacteria and polymicrobial infections in the genitourinary tract of renal transplant recipients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 5500-5510. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.12.5500-5510.2003
  5. Donskey, C. J., Hujer, A. M., Das, S. M., Pultz, N. J., Bonomo, R. A. and Rice, L. B. 2003. Use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for analysis of the stool microbiota of hospitalized patients. J. Microbiol. Methods 54, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00059-9
  6. Fuentes, S., Egert, M., Jimenez-Valera, M., Ramos-Cormenzana, A., Ruiz-Bravo, A., Smidt, H. and Monteoliva-Sanc hez, M. 2008. Administration of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum affects the diversity of murine intestinal lactobacilli, but not the overall bacterial community structure. Res. Microbiol. 159, 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2008.02.005
  7. Gillan, D. C. 2004. The effect of an acute copper exposure on the diversity of a microbial community in North Sea sediments as revealed by DGGE analysis--the importance of the protocol. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49, 504-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.03.003
  8. Kaufmann, P., Pfefferkorn, A., Teuber, M. and Meile, L. 1997. Identification and quantification of Bifidobacterium species isolated from food with genus-specific 16S rRNAtargeted probes by colony hybridization and PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 1268-1273.
  9. Kubota, Y. 1990. Fecal intestinal flora in patients with colon adenoma and colon cancer. Nihon. Shokakibyo. Gakkai. Zasshi. 87, 771-779.
  10. Li, M., Gong, J., Cottrill, M., Yu, H., de Lange. C., Burton, J. and Topp, E. 2003. Evaluation of QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit for ecological studies of gut microbiota. J. Microbiol. Methods 54, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00260-9
  11. Manninen, T. J., Rinkinen, M. L., Beasley, S. S. and Saris, P. E. 2006. Alteration of the canine small-intestinal lactic acid bacterium microbiota by feeding of potential probiotics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 6539-6543. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02977-05
  12. Martin, R., Heilig, H. G., Zoetendal, E. G., Jimenez, E., Fernandez, L., Smidt, H. and Rodriguez, J. M. 2007. Cultivation-independent assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk among healthy women. Res. Microbiol. 158, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2006.11.004
  13. Matto, J., Maunuksela, L., Kajander K, Palva, A., Korpela, R., Kassinen, A. and Saarela, M. 2005. Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome--a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 43, 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2004.08.009
  14. Murray, A. E., Hollibaugh, J. T. and Orrego, C. 1996. Phylogenetic compositions of bacterioplankton from two California estuaries compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 2676-2680.
  15. Nielsen, S., Nielsen, D. S., Lauritzen, L., Jakobsen, M. and Michaelsen, K. F. 2007. Impact of diet on the intestinal microbiota in 10-month-old infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr. 44, 613-618. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3180406a11
  16. Picard, C., Fioramonti, J., Francois, A., Robinson, T., Neant, F. and Matuchansky, C. 2005. Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents -- physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 495-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x
  17. Saxelin, M., Tynkkynen, S., Mattila-Sandholm, T. and de Vos, W. M. 2005. Probiotic and other functional microbes: from markets to mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16, 204-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.02.003
  18. Singh, J., Rivenson, A., Tomita, M., Shimamura, S., Ishibashi, N. and Reddy, B. S. 1997. Bifidobacterium longum, a lactic acid-producing intestinal bacterium inhibits colon cancer and modulates the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 18, 833-841. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.4.833
  19. Smalla, K. 2007. Bacterial diversity of soils assessed by DGGE, T-RFLP and SSCP fingerprints of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments: do the different methods provide similar results? J. Microbiol. Methods 69, 470-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2007.02.014
  20. Stebbings, S., Munro, K., Simon, M. A., Tannock, G., Highton, J., Harmsen, H., Welling, G., Seksik, P., Dore, J., Grame, G. and Tilsala-Timisjarvi, A. 2002 Comparison of the faecal microflora of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls using molecular methods of analysis. Rheumatology 41, 1395-1401. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/41.12.1395
  21. Thompson-Chagoyan, O. C., Maldonado, J. and Gil, A. 2007. Colonization and impact of disease and other factors on intestinal microbiota. Dig. Dis. Sci. 52, 2069-2077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9285-z
  22. Vannucci, L., Stepankova, R., Kozakova, H., Fiserova, A., Rossmann, P. and Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H. 2008. Colorectal carcinogenesis in germ-free and conventionally reared rats: different intestinal environments affect the systemic immunity. Int. J. Oncol. 32, 609-617.
  23. Wang, M., Ahrne, S., Jeppsson, B. and Molin, G. 2005. Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 54, 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.012