DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Extruded Rice Flour with Various Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Bean Content

카카오 빈 함량에 따른 쌀 압출성형물의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성

  • Park, Ju-Yeon (Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University) ;
  • Kim, Young-Ho (Department of Baking Technology, Hyejeon College) ;
  • Ryu, Gi-Hyung (Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University)
  • 박주연 (공주대학교 식품공학과) ;
  • 김영호 (혜전대학교 제과제빵학과) ;
  • 류기형 (공주대학교 식품공학과)
  • Received : 2017.08.09
  • Accepted : 2017.09.19
  • Published : 2017.11.30

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the effect of cacao bean addition on the physicochemical properties of extruded rice flour. Rice-based cacao beans (0, 20, 40, 60%) were extruded at a die temperature of $130^{\circ}C$, screw speed of 200 rpm, and moisture content of 25%. As the content of cacao beans increased from 20% to 60%, expansion index decreased, while piece density and specific length increased. The water soluble index and water absorption index of the extrudate increased through extrusion cooking. Lightness decreased as cacao bean content increased while redness increased. As the content of cacao beans increased, paste viscosity decreased. Cold peak viscosity was observed in all extrudates of raw roasted cacao beans. ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-Diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity increased upon extrusion and cacao bean addition. As content of cacao beans increased, non-roasted cacao beans had higher total phenolic contents than roasted cacao beans. This study showed that addition of cacao beans to extruded rice snack improved antioxidant activity.

본 실험은 카카오 빈의 함량(0, 20, 40, 60%)을 달리하여 쌀가루와 압출성형물을 제조하여 물리화학적인 특성을 관찰하고자 하였다. 공정 조건은 수분 함량 25%, 스크루 회전 속도 200 rpm, 사출구온도 $130^{\circ}C$로 조절하였다. 팽화율은 카카오 빈의 함량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 밀도와 비길이, 겉보기 탄성계수는 카카오 빈의 함량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였고, 파괴력은 카카오 빈의 함량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 수분용해지수와 수분흡착지수는 압출성형 공정 후 모두 증가하였다. 카카오 빈의 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도는 감소하였고 적색도는 증가하였으며, 황색도는 무처리구(RAW)에서 카카오 빈이 증가함에 따라 증가하였지만, 압출성형 공정 후 카카오 빈이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 색도차는 카카오 빈의 함량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 페이스트 점도는 카카오 빈의 함량이 증가할수록 모든 조건에서 감소하였으며, 압출성형을 한 모든 실험군과 RAW의 roasted 카카오빈(RC) 첨가군에서 저온최고점도(CPV)를 나타내어 낮은 온도에서도 점성을 나타내는 특성을 보였다. 총 페놀 함량은 non-roasted 카카오 빈(NRC) 첨가군이 RC 첨가군보다 높았으며, DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 압출성형한 NRC 첨가군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 카카오 빈 첨가가 쌀 카카오의 팽화 특성에 영향을 미치며, 카카오 빈의 총 페놀 함량은 로스팅과 압출성형에 의해 감소하였지만, DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 로스팅을 하지 않고 압출성형 하였을 때 증가하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Park SW, Woo CJ, Chung SK, Chung KT. 1994. Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of solvent fraction from Humulus japonicus. Korean J Food Sci Technol 26: 464-470.
  2. Hancock BL. 1994. Cocoa bean production and transport. In Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use. 2nd ed. Beckett ST, ed. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, UK. p 8-24.
  3. Jinap S. 1994. Organic acids in cocoa beans. Asean Food J 9: 3-4.
  4. Porter LJ, Chan BG. 1991. Cacao procyanidins: major flavanoids and identification of some minor metabolites. Phytochemistry 30: 1657-1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)84228-K
  5. An BJ. 1998. Isolation of new polyphenol compounds from cacao. Chocolate and Cacao International Symposium, Seoul, Korea. p 93-105.
  6. Lee JH, Oh SK, Kim DJ, Yoon MR, Chun A, Choi IS, Lee JS, Kim YG. 2013. Comparison of antioxidant activities by different extraction temperatures of some commercially available cultivars of rice bran in Korea. Korean J Food Nutr 26: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2013.26.1.001
  7. Castillejo G, Bullo M, Anguera A, Escribano J, Salas-Salvado J. 2006. A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated pediatric patients. Pediatrics 118: 641-648. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0090
  8. Feldberg C. 1969. Extruded starch-based snacks. Cereal Sci Today 14: 211-214.
  9. Cabrera J, Zapata LE, de Buckle TS, Ben-Gera I, Sandoval AM, Shomer I. 1979. Production of textured vegetable protein from cottonseed flours. J Food Sci 44: 826-830. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb08512.x
  10. Puski G, Konwinski AH. 1976. Process of making a soybased meat substitute. US Patent 3950564.
  11. Kum JS, Lee HY, Shin MG, Yoo MR, Kim KH. 1994. Properties of modified rice starch by physical modification. Korean J Food Sci Technol 26: 428-435.
  12. Park MK, Lee KH, Kang SA. 2006. Effect of particle size of rice flour on popping rice bread. Korean J Food Cook Sci 22: 419-427.
  13. Kown IB, An BJ, Yu JH, Lee SY. 1993. Structure determination of anti-plaque agents for prevention of dental caries from cacao bean husk. Korean J Biotechnol Bioeng 8: 69-74.
  14. Kim YS, Lee JY, Cho YJ, An BJ. 2012. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the solvent fraction from Theobroma cacao L. extract. J Life Sci 22: 1330-1338. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2012.22.10.1330
  15. de Brito ES, Garcia NHP, Gallao M, Cortelazzo AL, Fevereiro P, Braga MR. 2000. Structural and chemical changes in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) during fermentation, drying and roasting. J Sci Food Agric 81: 281-288.
  16. Ondo SE, Ryu GH. 2013. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of extruded cornmeal with natural cocoa powder. Food Sci Biotechnol 22: 167-175.
  17. Payne FA, Taraba JL, Saputra D. 1989. A review of puffing processes for expansion of biological products. J Food Eng 10: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(89)90025-3
  18. Kang SH, Ryu GH. 2001. Improvement in the Yukwa manufacturing by extrusion process with $CO_{2}$ gas injection. Food Sci Biotechnol 10: 1-6.
  19. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA. p 8-35.
  20. Gil SK, Choi JH, Ryu GH. 2014. Change in physical properties of cold-extruded brown rice and vegetable mix at various pregelatinized brown rice content and $CO_{2}$ gas injection. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 43: 1716-1723. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.11.1716
  21. Tie J, Yu JH, Ryu GH. 2012. Effects of moisture content and temperature on physical properties of instant puffed rice snacks. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: 846-852. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.6.846
  22. Ryu GH, Ng PKW. 2001. Effects of selected process parameters on expansion and mechanical properties of wheat flour and whole cornmeal extrudates. Starch-Starke 53: 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-379X(200104)53:3/4<147::AID-STAR147>3.0.CO;2-V
  23. AACC. 1983. Approved methods. 8th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA. Method 56-20.
  24. RVA Manual. 1995. RVA-3 series operation manual using Dos thermocline software. Newport Scientific, Narrabeen, Australia.
  25. Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol 28: 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  26. Slinkard K, Singleton VL. 1997. Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Vitic 28: 49-55.
  27. We GJ, Lee I, Cho YS, Yoon MR, Shin M, Ko S. 2010. Development of rice flour-based puffing snack for early childhood. Food Eng Prog 14: 322-327.
  28. Gu BJ, Ryu GH. 2011. Effects of die geometry on expansion of corn flour extrudate. Food Eng Prog 15: 148-154.
  29. Gu BJ, Norajit K, Ryu GH. 2010. Physicochemical properties of extruded defatted hemp seed and its energy bar manufacturing. Food Eng Prog 14: 127-134.
  30. Chinnaswamy R, Hanna MA. 1990. Macromolecular and functional properties of native and extrusion-cooked corn starch. Cereal Chem 67: 490-499.
  31. Lee SH, Kim CK. 1994. Optimization for extrusion cooking conditions of rice extrudate by response surface methodology. Korean J Food Nutr 7: 137-143.
  32. Mason WR, Hoseney RC. 1986. Factors affecting the viscosity of extrusion-cooked wheat starch. Cereal Chem 63: 436-441.
  33. Tie J, Kim MH, Ryu HJ, Lee KH, Han MS, Cho SS, Lee HK, Ryu GH. 2008. Quality characteristics of rice cake (Injulmi) made with traditional process and instant Injulmi machine and different steeping time. Food Eng Prog 12: 97-106.
  34. Jeong HS, Min YK, Toledo RT. 2002. Effects of low temperature extrusion method on the physical and cell structure of pregelatinized rice flour extrudate. Food Eng Prog 6: 145-151.
  35. EL-Dash AA, Gonzaless R, Ciol M. 1980. Response surface methodology in the control of thermoplastic extrusion of starch. In Extrusion Cooking Technology. Jowitt R, ed. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York, NY, USA. p 51-74.
  36. Suh YS, Lee SH, Shang Y, Lee WJ. 2015. Effects of roasting conditions on the physicochemical properties of Coffea arabica beans. Korean J Food Preserv 22: 690-698. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2015.22.5.690