Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제13권5호
  • /
  • Pages.825-844
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Pullout capacity of shallow inclined anchor in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous undrained clay

  • 투고 : 2016.08.18
  • 심사 : 2017.05.15
  • 발행 : 2017.11.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

This study aimed to find out the pullout capacity of inclined strip anchor plate embedded in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous fully saturated cohesive soil in undrained condition. The ultimate pullout load has been found out by using numerical lower bound finite element analysis with linear programming. The undrained pullout capacity of anchor plate of width B is determined for different embedment ratios (H/B) varying from 3 to 7 and various inclination of anchor plates ranging from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ with an interval of $15^{\circ}$. In case of anisotropic fully saturated clay the variation of cohesion with direction has been considered by varying the ratio of the cohesion along vertical direction ($c_v$) to the cohesion along horizontal direction ($c_h$). In case of nonhomogeneous clay the cohesion of the undrained clay has been considered to be increased with depth below ground surface keeping $c_v/c_h=1$. The results are presented in terms of pullout capacity factor ($F_{c0}=p_u/c_H$) where $p_u$ is the ultimate pullout stress along the anchor plate at failure and $c_H$ is the cohesion in horizontal direction at the level of the middle point of the anchor plate. It is observed that the pullout capacity factor increases with an increase in anisotropic cohesion ratio ($c_v/c_h$) whereas the pullout capacity factor decreases with an increase in undrained cohesion of the soil with depth.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Basudhar, P.K. and Singh, D.N. (1994), "A generalized procedure for predicting optimal lower bound breakout factors of strip anchors", Geotech., 44(2), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1994.44.2.307
  2. Bhattacharya, P. (2016), "Pullout capacity of strip plate anchor in cohesive sloping ground under undrained condition", Comput. Geotech., 78, 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.05.006
  3. Bhattacharya, P. and Roy, A. (2016), "Improvement in uplift capacity of horizontal circular anchor plate in undrained clay by granular column", Geomech. Eng., 10(5), 617-633. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.5.617
  4. Bishop, A.W. (1966), "The strength of soils as engineering materials", Geotech., 16, 89-128.
  5. Bottero, A. Negre, R., Pastor, J. and Turgeman, S. (1980), "Finite element method and limit analysis theory for soil mechanics problem", Comput. Met. Appl. Mech. Eng., 22(1), 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(80)90055-9
  6. Chen, Z., Tho, K.K., Leung, C.F. and Chow, Y.K. (2013), "Influence of overburden pressure and soil rigidity on uplift behavior of square plate anchor in uniform clay", Comput. Geotech., 52, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.04.002
  7. Das, B.M. and Puri, V.K. (1989), "Holding capacity of inclined square plate anchors in clay", Soils Found., 29(3), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.3_138
  8. Das, B.M. and Seeley, G.R. (1975), "Breakout resistance of shallow horizontal anchors", J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 101(9), 999-1003.
  9. Davis, E.H. and Christian, J.T. (1971), "Bearing capacity of anisotropic cohesive soil", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 97, 551-563.
  10. Demir, A. and Ok, B. (2015), "Uplift response of multi-plate helical anchors in cohesive soil", Geomech. Eng., 8(4), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.4.615
  11. Desai, C.S., Muqtadir, A. and Scheele, F. (1986), "Interaction analysis of anchor-soil systems", J. Geotech. Eng., 112(5), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:5(537)
  12. Dickin, E.A. and Leung, C.F. (1983), "Centrifuge model tests on vertical anchor plates", J. Geotech. Eng., 109(12), 1503-1525. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:12(1503)
  13. Ilamparuthi, K. and Muthukanhaiah, K. (1999), "Anchor in sand bed: Delineation of rupture surface", Ocean Eng., 26(12), 1249-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00034-1
  14. Jha, S.K. (2016), "Reliability-based analysis of bearing capacity of strip footings considering anisotropic correlation of spatially varying undrained shear strength", J. Geomech., 16(5), 0601003.
  15. Keskin, M.S. (2015), "Model studies of uplift capacity behaviour of square plate anchors in geogridreinforced sand", Geomech. Eng., 8(4), 595-613. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.4.595
  16. Khatri, V.N. and Kumar, J. (2009), "Vertical uplift resistance of circular plate anchors in clays under undrained condition", Comput. Geotech., 36(8), 1352-1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.06.008
  17. Kumar, J. and Khatri, V.N. (2008), "Effect of footing width on bearing capacity factor $N_{\gamma}$ for smooth strip footings", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(9), 1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:9(1299)
  18. Kupferman, M. (1965), "The vertical holding capacity of marine anchors in clay subjected to static and cyclic loading", MSc. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  19. Lo, K.Y. (1965), "Stability of slopes in anisotropic soils", J. Soil Mech. Found., 91, 85-106.
  20. Lyamin, A.V. and Sloan, S.W. (2002), "Lower bound limit analysis using linear finite elements and nonlinear programming", J. Num. Anal. Met. Geomech., 55(5), 573-611.
  21. Merifield, R.S., Lyamin, A.V. and Sloan, S.W. (2005), "Stability of inclined strip anchor in purely cohesive soil", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 131(6), 792-799. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:6(792)
  22. Merifield, R.S., Sloan, S.W. and Yu, H.S. (2001), "Stability of plate anchor in undrained clay", Geotech., 51(2), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.2.141
  23. Meyerhof, G.G. (1973), "Uplift resistance of inclined anchors and piles", Proceedings of the 8th Intermational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation, Moscow, Russia, August.
  24. Nian, T.K., Chen, G.Q., Luan, M.T., Yang, Q. and Zhang, D.F. (2008), "Limit analysis of the stability of the slopes reinforced with piles against landslide in nonhomogeneous and anisotropic soils", Can. Geotech. J., 45(8), 1092-1103. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-042
  25. Niroumand, H. and Kassim, K.A. (2014b), "Experimental and numerical modeling of uplift behavior of rectangular plates in cohesionless soil", Geomech. Eng., 6(4), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.4.341
  26. Niroumand, H. and Kassim, K.A. (2014c), "Square plates as symmetrical anchor plates under uplift test in loose sand", Geomech. Eng., 6(6), 593-612. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.6.593
  27. Niroumand, H. and Kassim, K.A. (2014a), "Uplift response of circular plate as symmetrical anchor plates in loose sand", Geomech. Eng., 6(4), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.4.321
  28. Ovesen, N.K. (1981), "Centrifuge tests on the uplift capacity of anchors", Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, June.
  29. Pan, Q. and Dias, D. (2016), "Face stability analysis for a shield-driven tunnel in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous soils by the kinematical approach", J. Geomech., 16(3), 04015076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000569
  30. Rao, S.N. and Prasad, Y.V.S.N. (1992), "Uplift capacity of plate anchors in sloped clayey ground", Soils Found., 32(4), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.4_164
  31. Rowe, R.K. and Davis, E.H. (1982), "The behaviour of anchor plates in clay", Geotech., 32(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1982.32.1.9
  32. Sloan, S.W. (1988), "Lower bound limit analysis using finite elements and linear programming", J. Num. Anal. Met. Geomech., 12(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610120105
  33. Song, Z., Yuxia, H. and Randolph, M. (2008), "Numerical simulations of vertical pullout of plate anchors in clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(6), 866-875. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:6(866)
  34. Sutherland, H.B. (1988), "Uplift resistance of soils", Geotech., 38(4), 493-516. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.4.493
  35. Tho, K.K., Chen, Z., Leung, C.F. and Chow, Y.K. (2014), "Pullout behaviour of plate anchor in clay with linearly increasing strength", Can. Geotech. J., 51(1), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0140
  36. Wang, D., Yuxia, H. and Randolph, M. (2010), "Three-dimensional large deformation finite-element analysis of plate anchors in uniform clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(2), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000210
  37. Yu, H.S. and Sloan, S.W. (1994), "Limit analysis of anisotropic soils using finite elements and linear programming", Mech. Res. Comm., 21(6), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(94)90017-5
  38. Yu, H.S. and Wang, J. (2014), "Three-dimensional shakedown solutions for anisotropic cohesive-frictional materials under moving surface loads", J. Num. Anal. Met. Geomech., 38(4), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2207
  39. Yu, L., Liu, J., Kong, X.J. and Hu, Y. (2011), "Numerical study on plate anchor stability in clay", Geotech., 61(3), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.8.P.071
  40. Yu, S.B., Hambleton, J.P. and Sloan, S.W. (2015), "Undrained uplift capacity of deeply embedded strip anchors in non-uniform soil", Comput. Geotech., 70, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.07.014
  41. Yu, S.B., Merifield, R.S., Lyamin, A.V. and Fu, X.D. (2014), "Kinematic limit analysis of pullout capacity for plate anchors in sandy slopes", Struct. Eng. Mech., 51(4), 565-579. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.51.4.565