DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Paraproteinemic neuropathy

  • Pyun, So Young (Department of Neurology, National Police Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Byung-Jo (Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine)
  • 투고 : 2016.10.25
  • 심사 : 2017.05.12
  • 발행 : 2017.07.31

초록

Paraproteinemia is caused by a proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells or B lymphocytes. Approximately 10% of idiopathic neuropathies are associated with paraproteinemia, where a certain paraprotein acts like an antibody targeted at constituents of myelin or axolemma in peripheral nerves. The relationship between paraproteinemia and peripheral neuropathy remains unclear despite this being of interest for a long time. Neurologists frequently find paraproteinemia during laboratory examinations of patients presenting with peripheral neuropathy, especially in the elderly. The possibility of a relationship with paraproteinemia should be considered in cases without an explainable cause. We review the causal association between paraproteinemia and neuropathy as well as clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiologic features, and the treatment options for paraproteinemic neuropathy.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Saleun JP, Vicariot M, Deroff P, Morin JF. Monoclonal gammopathies in the adult population of Finistere, France. J Clin Pathol 1982;35:63-68. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.35.1.63
  2. Kelly JJ Jr, Kyle RA, O'Brien PC, Dyck PJ. Prevalence of monoclonal protein in peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1981;31:1480-1483. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.31.11.1480
  3. Ramchandren S, Lewis RA. An update on monoclonal gammopathy and neuropathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012;12:102-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0237-4
  4. Kelly JJ Jr. Peripheral neuropathies associated with monoclonal proteins: a clinical review. Muscle Nerve 1985;8:138-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880080210
  5. Joint Task Force of the EFNS and the PNS. European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on management of paraproteinemic demyelinating neuropathies. Report of a Joint Task Force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society--first revision. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2010;15:185-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2010.00278.x
  6. England JD, Gronseth GS, Franklin G, Carter GT, Kinsella LJ, Cohen JA, et al. Practice parameter: the evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: the role of laboratory and genetic testing (an evidence-based review). Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. PM R 2009;1:5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.11.010
  7. Kyle RA. Osteosclerotic Myeloma. In: Kelly JJ, Kyle RA, Latov N, eds. Polyneuropathies associated with plasma cell dyscrasias. Topics in the Neurosciences, Vol 5. Boston: Springer, 1987;91-103.
  8. Raheja D, Specht C, Simmons Z. Paraproteinemic neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2015;51:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.24471
  9. Berenson JR, Anderson KC, Audell RA, Boccia RV, Coleman M, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a consensus statement. Br J Haematol 2010;150:28-38.
  10. Kyle RA. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and solitary plasmacytoma. Implications for progression to overt multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997;11:71-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70416-0
  11. Landgren O. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering myeloma: new insights into pathophysiology and epidemiology. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010;2010:295-302.
  12. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Melton LJ 3rd, Bradwell AR, Clark RJ, et al. Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 2005;106:812-817. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038
  13. van de Poel MH, Coebergh JW, Hillen HF. Malignant transformation of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance among out-patients of a community hospital in southeastern Netherlands. Br J Haematol 1995;91:121-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05256.x
  14. Vuckovic J, Ilic A, Knezevic N, Marinkovic M, Zemunik T, Dubravcic M. Prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Br J Haematol 1997;97:649-651. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.1072923.x
  15. Gosselin S, Kyle RA, Dyck PJ. Neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Ann Neurol 1991;30:54-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410300111
  16. Katz JS, Saperstein DS, Gronseth G, Amato AA, Barohn RJ. Distal acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy. Neurology 2000;54:615-620. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.3.615
  17. Nobile-Orazio E, Manfredini E, Carpo M, Meucci N, Monaco S, Ferrari S, et al. Frequency and clinical correlates of anti-neural IgM antibodies in neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Ann Neurol 1994;36:416-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410360313
  18. Gorson KC. Clinical features, evaluation, and treatment of patients with polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). J Clin Apher 1999;14:149-153. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1101(1999)14:3<149::AID-JCA8>3.0.CO;2-9
  19. Silberman J, Lonial S. Review of peripheral neuropathy in plasma cell disorders. Hematol Oncol 2008;26:55-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/hon.845
  20. Benedetti L, Briani C, Franciotta D, Carpo M, Padua L, Zara G, et al. Long-term effect of rituximab in anti-mag polyneuropathy. Neurology 2008;71:1742-1744. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000335268.70325.33
  21. Yeung KB, Thomas PK, King RH, Waddy H, Will RG, Hughes RA, et al. The clinical spectrum of peripheral neuropathies associated with benign monoclonal IgM, IgG and IgA paraproteinaemia. Comparative clinical, immunological and nerve biopsy findings. J Neurol 1991;238:383-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00319857
  22. Rajabally YA. Neuropathy and paraproteins: review of a complex association. Eur J Neurol 2011;18:1291-1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03380.x
  23. Nobile-Orazio E, Meucci N, Baldini L, Di Troia A, Scarlato G. Longterm prognosis of neuropathy associated with anti-MAG IgM M-proteins and its relationship to immune therapies. Brain 2000;123 ( Pt 4):710-717. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.4.710
  24. Chassande B, Leger JM, Younes-Chennoufi AB, Benqoufa D, Maisonobe T, Bouche P, et al. Peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy: correlations between M-protein antibody activity and clinical/electrophysiological features in 40 cases. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:55-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199801)21:1<55::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-F
  25. Franssen H, Straver DC. Pathophysiology of immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathies--part II: neurology. Muscle Nerve 2014;49:4-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.24068
  26. Attarian S, Azulay JP, Boucraut J, Escande N, Pouget J. Terminal latency index and modified F ratio in distinction of chronic demyelinating neuropathies. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112:457-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00469-2
  27. Steck AJ, Stalder AK, Renaud S. Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 2006;19:458-463. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wco.0000245368.36576.0d
  28. Lombardi R, Erne B, Lauria G, Pareyson D, Borgna M, Morbin M, et al. IgM deposits on skin nerves in anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2005;57:180-187. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20364
  29. Lunn MP, Crawford TO, Hughes RA, Griffin JW, Sheikh KA. Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies alter neurofilament spacing. Brain 2002;125(Pt 4):904-911. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf072
  30. Dalakas MC, Quarles RH, Farrer RG, Dambrosia J, Soueidan S, Stein DP, et al. A controlled study of intravenous immunoglobulin in demyelinating neuropathy with IgM gammopathy. Ann Neurol 1996;40:792-795. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410400516
  31. Comi G, Roveri L, Swan A, Willison H, Bojar M, Illa I, et al. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in IgM paraprotein associated demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol 2002;249:1370-1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-002-0808-z
  32. Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E. Immunotherapy for IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraprotein-associated peripheral neuropathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;16:CD002827.
  33. Mariette X, Chastang C, Clavelou P, Louboutin JP, Leger JM, Brouet JC. A randomised clinical trial comparing interferon-alpha and intravenous immunoglobulin in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM. The IgM-associated Polyneuropathy Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:28-34. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.63.1.28
  34. Mariette X, Brouet JC, Chevret S, Leger JM, Clavelou P, Pouget J, et al. A randomised double blind trial versus placebo does not confirm the benefit of alpha-interferon in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:279-280. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.69.2.279
  35. Oksenhendler E, Chevret S, Leger JM, Louboutin JP, Bussel A, Brouet JC. Plasma exchange and chlorambucil in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM gammopathy. IgM-associated Polyneuropathy Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;59:243-247. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.59.3.243
  36. Niermeijer JM, Eurelings M, van der Linden MW, Lokhorst HM, Franssen H, Fischer K, et al. Intermittent cyclophosphamide with prednisone versus placebo for polyneuropathy with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Neurology 2007;69:50-59. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000265055.28218.cc
  37. Dalakas MC, Rakocevic G, Salajegheh M, Dambrosia JM, Hahn AF, Raju R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of rituximab in IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibody demyelinating neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:286-293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21577
  38. Iancu Ferfoglia R, Guimaraes-Costa R, Viala K, Musset L, Neil J, Marin B, et al. Long-term efficacy of rituximab in IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein neuropathy: RIMAG follow-up study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2016;21:10-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12156
  39. Pestronk A, Florence J, Miller T, Choksi R, Al-Lozi MT, Levine TD. Treatment of IgM antibody associated polyneuropathies using rituximab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:485-489. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.4.485
  40. Niermeijer JM, Eurelings M, Lokhorst HL, van der Pol WL, Franssen H, Wokke JH, et al. Rituximab for polyneuropathy with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:1036-1039. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.155325
  41. Magy L, Chassande B, Maisonobe T, Bouche P, Vallat JM, Leger JM. Polyneuropathy associated with IgG/IgA monoclonal gammopathy: a clinical and electrophysiological study of 15 cases. Eur J Neurol 2003;10:677-685. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00687.x
  42. Gorson KC, Ropper AH. Axonal neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:163-168. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.63.2.163
  43. Di Troia A, Carpo M, Meucci N, Pellegrino C, Allaria S, Gemignani F, et al. Clinical features and anti-neural reactivity in neuropathy associated with IgG monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. J Neurol Sci 1999;164:64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00049-0
  44. Hermosilla E, Lagueny A, Vital C, Vital A, Ferrer X, Steck A, et al. Peripheral neuropathy associated with monoclonal IgG of undetermined significance: clinical, electrophysiologic, pathologic and therapeutic study of 14 cases. J Peripher Nerv Syst 1996;1:139-148.
  45. Nobile-Orazio E, Carpo M. Neuropathy and monoclonal gammopathy. Curr Opin Neurol 2001;14:615-620. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200110000-00010
  46. Vallat JM, Jauberteau MO, Bordessoule D, Yardin C, Preux PM, Couratier P. Link between peripheral neuropathy and monoclonal dysglobulinemia: a study of 66 cases. J Neurol Sci 1996;137:124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(95)00343-Z
  47. Wicklund MP, Kissel JT. Paraproteinemic neuropathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2001;3:147-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-001-0050-5
  48. Saperstein DS, Katz JS, Amato AA, Barohn RJ. Clinical spectrum of chronic acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:311-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4598(200103)24:3<311::AID-MUS1001>3.0.CO;2-A
  49. Dyck PJ, Low PA, Windebank AJ, Jaradeh SS, Gosselin S, Bourque P, et al. Plasma exchange in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1482-1486. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199111213252105
  50. Stork AC, Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E, Notermans NC. Treatment for IgG and IgA paraproteinaemic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(3):CD005376.
  51. Mauermann ML. Paraproteinemic neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2014;20(5 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders):1307-1322.
  52. Sobol U, Stiff P. Neurologic aspects of plasma cell disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;120:1083-1099.
  53. Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR, Polydefkis M, Ferguson A, Borrello I. Characteristics of bortezomib- and thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008;13:275-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00193.x
  54. Richardson PG, Delforge M, Beksac M, Wen P, Jongen JL, Sezer O, et al. Management of treatment-emergent peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2012;26:595-608. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.346
  55. Walsh JC. The neuropathy of multiple myeloma. An electrophysiological and histological study. Arch Neurol 1971;25:404-414. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1971.00490050038003
  56. Kelly JJ Jr. The electrodiagnostic findings in peripheral neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Muscle Nerve 1983;6:504-509. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880060706
  57. Ohi T, Kyle RA, Dyck PJ. Axonal attenuation and secondary segmental demyelination in myeloma neuropathies. Ann Neurol 1985;17:255-261. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410170306
  58. Richardson PG, Xie W, Mitsiades C, Chanan-Khan AA, Lonial S, Hassoun H, et al. Single-agent bortezomib in previously untreated multiple myeloma: efficacy, characterization of peripheral neuropathy, and molecular correlations with response and neuropathy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3518-3525. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.3087
  59. Briani C, Torre CD, Campagnolo M, Lucchetta M, Berno T, Candiotto L, et al. Lenalidomide in patients with chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy and relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: results from a single-centre prospective study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013;18:19-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns5.12002
  60. Dispenzieri A. POEMS syndrome: update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2015;90:951-962. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24171
  61. Dispenzieri A. POEMS syndrome: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2011;86:591-601. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.22050
  62. Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Lacy MQ, Rajkumar SV, Therneau TM, Larson DR, et al. POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome. Blood 2003;101:2496-2506. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299
  63. Nasu S, Misawa S, Sekiguchi Y, Shibuya K, Kanai K, Fujimaki Y, et al. Different neurological and physiological profiles in POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:476-479. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-301706
  64. Sung JY, Kuwabara S, Ogawara K, Kanai K, Hattori T. Patterns of nerve conduction abnormalities in POEMS syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2002;26:189-193. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10182
  65. Mauermann ML, Sorenson EJ, Dispenzieri A, Mandrekar J, Suarez GA, Dyck PJ, et al. Uniform demyelination and more severe axonal loss distinguish POEMS syndrome from CIDP. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:480-486. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-301472
  66. Guo X, Qin X, Zhang Y, Huang C, Yu G. Electrophysiological features of POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Clin Neurosci 2014;21:587-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2013.05.023
  67. Scarlato M, Previtali SC, Carpo M, Pareyson D, Briani C, Del Bo R, et al. Polyneuropathy in POEMS syndrome: role of angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis. Brain 2005;128(Pt 8):1911-1920. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh519
  68. Arimura K. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is causative in crow-fukase syndrome. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1999;39:84-85.
  69. Kuwabara S, Dispenzieri A, Arimura K, Misawa S, Nakaseko C. Treatment for POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes) syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(6):CD006828.
  70. Suh YG, Kim YS, Suh CO, Kim YR, Cheong JW, Kim JS, et al. The role of radiotherapy in the management of POEMS syndrome. Radiat Oncol 2014;9:265. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-014-0265-8
  71. Humeniuk MS, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Kyle RA, Witzig TE, Kumar SK, et al. Outcomes of patients with POEMS syndrome treated initially with radiation. Blood 2013;122:68-73. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-03-487025
  72. Li J, Zhang W, Jiao L, Duan MH, Guan HZ, Zhu WG, et al. Combination of melphalan and dexamethasone for patients with newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome. Blood 2011;117:6445-6449. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-12-328112
  73. Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Kumar SK, Buadi F, Dingli D, et al. Peripheral blood stem cell transplant for POEMS syndrome is associated with high rates of engraftment syndrome. Eur J Haematol 2008;80:397-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01037.x
  74. Imai N, Taguchi J, Yagi N, Konishi T, Serizawa M, Kobari M. Relapse of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome without increased level of vascular endothelial growth factor following successful autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Neuromuscul Disord 2009;19:363-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2009.02.004
  75. Chu BF, Shana'ah A, Hofmeister CC, Benson DM, Sell M, Tucker J, et al. Long-term therapy with lenalidomide in a patient with POEMS syndrome. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2014;1. pii: 2014_000093.
  76. Dispenzieri A, Klein CJ, Mauermann ML. Lenalidomide therapy in a patient with POEMS syndrome. Blood 2007;110:1075-1076. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-03-082354
  77. Kuwabara S, Misawa S, Kanai K, Sawai S, Hattori T, Nishimura M, et al. Thalidomide reduces serum VEGF levels and improves peripheral neuropathy in POEMS syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:1255-1257. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.150177
  78. Ohguchi H, Ohba R, Onishi Y, Fukuhara N, Okitsu Y, Yamamoto J, et al. Successful treatment with bortezomib and thalidomide for POEMS syndrome. Ann Hematol 2011;90:1113-1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-010-1133-8
  79. Kanai K, Kuwabara S, Misawa S, Hattori T. Failure of treatment with anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody for long-standing POEMS syndrome. Intern Med 2007;46:311-313. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.46.6246
  80. Ohwada C, Nakaseko C, Sakai S, Takeda Y, Abe D, Takeuchi M, et al. Successful combination treatment with bevacizumab, thalidomide and autologous PBSC for severe POEMS syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009;43:739-740. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2008.381
  81. Gertz MA. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2013;88:703-711. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23472
  82. Klein CJ, Moon JS, Mauermann ML, Zeldenrust SR, Wu Y, Dispenzieri A, et al. The neuropathies of waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) and IgM-MGUS. Can J Neurol Sci 2011;38:289-295. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100011483
  83. Ansell SM, Kyle RA, Reeder CB, Fonseca R, Mikhael JR, Morice WG, et al. Diagnosis and management of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: mayo stratification of macroglobulinemia and risk-adapted therapy (mSMART) guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:824-833. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0304
  84. Buske C, Hoster E, Dreyling M, Eimermacher H, Wandt H, Metzner B, et al. The addition of rituximab to front-line therapy with CHOP (R-CHOP) results in a higher response rate and longer time to treatment failure in patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma: results of a randomized trial of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Leukemia 2009;23:153-161. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2008.261
  85. Lee HS, Kim K, Yoon DH, Kim JS, Bang SM, Lee JO, et al. Clinical factors associated with response or survival after chemotherapy in patients with waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in Korea. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:253243.
  86. Owen RG, Pratt G, Auer RL, Flatley R, Kyriakou C, Lunn MP, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. Br J Haematol 2014;165:316-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.12760
  87. Usmani S, Sexton R, Crowley J, Barlogie B. Autologous stem cell transplantation as a care option in waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2011;11:139-142. https://doi.org/10.3816/CLML.2011.n.032
  88. Bachanova V, Burns LJ. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012;47:330-336. https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2011.105
  89. Gertz MA. Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Am J Hematol 2013;88:416-425. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23400
  90. Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Kyle RA. Prognosis of patients with primary systemic amyloidosis who present with dominant neuropathy. Am J Med 1998;104:232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00037-0
  91. Kelly JJ. Neurologic complications of primary systemic amyloidosis. Rev Neurol Dis 2006;3:173-181.
  92. Kyle RA, Gertz MA. Primary systemic amyloidosis: clinical and laboratory features in 474 cases. Semin Hematol 1995;32:45-59.
  93. Benson MD, Kincaid JC. The molecular biology and clinical features of amyloid neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2007;36:411-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20821
  94. Sanchorawala V, Skinner M, Quillen K, Finn KT, Doros G, Seldin DC. Long-term outcome of patients with AL amyloidosis treated with high-dose melphalan and stem-cell transplantation. Blood 2007;110:3561-3563. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-07-099481
  95. Cordes S, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Buadi FK, Dingli D, et al. Ten-year survival after autologous stem cell transplantation for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Cancer 2012;118:6105-6109. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27660
  96. Palladini G, Russo P, Nuvolone M, Lavatelli F, Perfetti V, Obici L, et al. Treatment with oral melphalan plus dexamethasone produces long-term remissions in AL amyloidosis. Blood 2007;110:787-788. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-02-076034
  97. Moreau P, Jaccard A, Benboubker L, Royer B, Leleu X, Bridoux F, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with melphalan and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis: a multicenter phase 1/2 dose-escalation study. Blood 2010;116:4777-4782. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-07-294405
  98. Sitia R, Palladini G, Merlini G. Bortezomib in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: targeted therapy? Haematologica 2007;92:1302-1307. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.12136
  99. Rison RA, Beydoun SR. Paraproteinemic neuropathy: a practical review. BMC Neurol 2016;16:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-016-0532-4