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The Adaptation Status of North Korean Defectors to South Korean Society and Its Effect on their Problem Solving Ability

북한이탈주민의 적응실태 및 방안

  • 채경희 (총신대학교 기독교교육학과)
  • Received : 2017.09.01
  • Accepted : 2017.10.13
  • Published : 2017.10.31

Abstract

Unlike in the past, North Korean defectors are not merely satisfied at escaping the regime; they now consider their escape as a form of immigration to pursue a better life. This study examines the adaptation status of North Korean defectors and suggests a plan to cope with the associated challenges accordingly. The current status of North Korean defectors is analyzed based on a literature review and the latest data on their current status, along with their actual adaptation progress to South Korean society and other factors related to the difficulty in their social adjustment. The number of North Korean defectors has increased rapidly since 2000, but the number started to fall in the wake of the inauguration in 2012 of the Kim Jong Eun regime. In addition, North Korean defectors arriving after 1999 are significantly less educated and from lower levels in terms of their occupation and livelihood than those who arrived before. The factors related to North Korean defectors' maladjustment to South Korean society include: difficulties in performing economic activities, differences in the political and economic systems, and cultures, of the two Koreas, and other difficulties stemming from family relations. If the difficulties North Korean defectors experience in adapting to South Korean society are resolved with the support of North Korean defectors and facilities of South Korean society, North Korean defectors will be able to settle down successfully. It is also important for North Korean defectors to strive to adapt to South Korean society by sharing their emotion with the members of society. Therefore, in order for North Korean defectors to adapt smoothly to South Korean society, it is necessary to plan some concrete ways that would reduce social and financial burdens nationwide.

북한주민들의 탈북은 과거와는 달리 단순한 탈출이 아닌, 더 나은 삶을 추구하기 위한 이주의 성격을 가진다. 본 연구의 목적은 북한이탈주민의 적응 실태와 그에 따른 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 북한이탈주민의 현황 및 적응실태, 그리고 사회적응의 어려움에 대한 요인을 문헌 고찰 및 현황에 대한 자료를 바탕으로 분석하였다. 북한이탈주민은 2000년 이후 급속하게 증가하다가, 2012년 김정은 정권이 들어서면서 입국자수가 감소하였다. 또한 1999년 이후의 북한이탈주민은 그 이전의 입국자들보다 학력, 직업, 계층면에서 수준이 떨어지는 편이다. 북한이탈주민의 사회 부적응 요인은 경제활동의 어려움, 남북의 정치체제의 차이, 남북의 다른 경제제도, 남북의 서로 상충되는 문화, 가족관계로부터 오는 어려움을 들 수 있다. 북한이탈주민의 사회 부적응 문제는 북한이탈주민의 노력과 남한 사회의 제반 시설이 뒷받침해 줄 때, 북한이탈주민의 성공적인 사회정착이 이루어질 것이다. 또한 북한이탈주민이 남한 사회에 적응하는 것은 사회구성원들과의 어울림과 정서적인 공유가 중요하다. 따라서 북한이탈주민의 남한 사회 적응을 위하여 국가적으로 사회 안정망 구축 및 재정 부담을 감소할 수 있는 구체적인 방안이 필요하다.

Keywords

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