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Ethical Implications of Mengzi's Biological Analogies of Four Sprouts

맹자의 사단설과 생물학적 유비 논증

  • Received : 2017.10.10
  • Accepted : 2017.11.24
  • Published : 2017.11.30

Abstract

Mengzi's biological analogies of man's moral tendency need to be analyzed in order to understand his ethical perspective because he uses lots of analogies to advocate his own moral naturalism. The biological analogies he uses are composed of human body, plant's seeds and sprouts. First, Mengzi thinks that human beings have inborn moral nature as if our bodies are given and plants can be grown from their seeds. His ethical approach to define morality in terms of natural properties such as the Four Sprouts(四端) causes a philosophical debate with Gaozi who thinks that morality cannot be described by natural property. Second, we have a moral preference as if we have a physical desire. This kind of moral sentimentalism emphasizing the preference is continued to Jeong Yakyong's ethical theory that nature is a preference(性嗜好說). Third, if we examine our preference and desire, then we can find that the moral preference is more valuable than the physical desire. Fourth, the biological analogies accepts monism that mind and body are composed of material force(氣). For this reason, the innate moral tendency is manifested on body such as a facial expression, a visceral reaction, and affect. Finally, Mengzi's theory of Four Sprouts causes two different interpretation. One is Zhuxi's interpretation that Duan端 is the visible end(緖) of a thread out of pack, the other is Jeong Yakyong's interpretation that Duan端 is a starting point(始) to cultivate virtues. While Zhuxi considers the Four Sprouts as a clue to find virtues in one's mind, Jeong Yakyong believes that we can cultivate our virtues by preserving the Four Sprouts.

본 논문에서는 맹자가 사단설(四端說)을 정당화하는 과정에서 사용하는 생물학적 유비 논증의 윤리학적 함의를 분석한다. 타고난 도덕 감정을 근거로 삼는 맹자의 자연주의 윤리학을 이해하기 위해서는 그가 제시하는 유비 논증에 대한 분석이 요구된다. 왜냐하면 맹자는 자신의 윤리적 관점을 정당화할 때에 귀납이나 연역보다 비유를 자주 사용하기 때문이다. 맹자는 사단설을 주장할 때 타고난 도덕 감정의 비유적 예시로서 신체, 씨앗, 싹 등을 제시하는 생물학적 유비 논증을 사용한다. 맹자는 동물이 신체를 타고나고 식물이 씨앗으로부터 발아하여 성장하는 것과 유사하게, 인간이 사단이라는 도덕적 경향성을 타고난다고 주장한다. 맹자는 생물학적 유비논증을 통해 도덕성의 선천적 지평, 도덕적 욕구, 마음과 몸의 유기적 통합(심신일원론), 도덕적 본성의 배양 가능성 등을 주장하면서 자연주의 윤리학을 지지한다.

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