대한인간공학회지 (Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea)

  • 제36권5호
  • /
  • Pages.467-484
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 1229-1684(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2093-8462(eISSN)
대한인간공학회 (Ergonomics Society of Korea)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

항공안전을 위한 인간공학적 대응

A Human Factors Approach for Aviation Safety

  • 김대호 (공군 항공안전단 안전연구처)
  • Kim, Dae Ho (Safety Research Department, the Republic of Korea Air Force Aviation Safety Agency)
  • 투고 : 2017.08.16
  • 심사 : 2017.09.19
  • 발행 : 2017.10.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review, with the main focus on aviation safety technology and management program, how human factors are currently taken into consideration within transportation sectors, especially aviation, and to further share related information. Background: Human factors account for the majority of aviation accidents/incidents. Thus, the aviation sector has been comparatively quick in developing and applying technologies and management programs that deal with human factors. This paper reviews the latest safety technologies and management programs regarding human factors and aims to identify the trend. Method: This paper, based on literature research and practical experience, examines the latest international standards on technologies and management programs, those that deal with human factors and are adopted by international and domestic aviation organization. The main focus of discussion is how human factors are reflected during the system design and operation process. Results: The current most important issue in designing is the consideration of human factors in Cockpit, Automation, and Safety system technology design. From an operational point of view, the issues at hand are screening and training aviation workers to promote aviation safety, providing education on human factors and CRM/TEM, and running a safety management program to implement SMS. They were discussed based on the operational experience within the aviation sector. Conclusion: Major examples of a human factors approach to promote aviation safety are safety programs and various safety and monitoring technologies applied to aviation personnel for error management. These programs must be managed in an integrated manner that takes both the system designing and operational point of view into account. Application: It is thought that the human factors approach for promoting aviation safety reviewed in this paper can be extended and applied to safety management programs in other transportation sectors such as the railroad, maritime, road traffic etc.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Allen, J. and Marx, D., Maintenance error decision aid project (MEDA), Proceedings of the Eight Conference on Human Factors in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection, (pp.101-115). FAA Office of Aviation Medicine, Washington, D.C, 1995.
  2. Bae, B.H., Joint-CRM Trend and Development Direction, KOTI, Transportation, 58, 6-14, 2002.
  3. CAA, CAP 720, Flight Crew Training: Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) and line-oriented flight training (LOFT), 2002.
  4. CAA, CAP 737, Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training, 2006.
  5. CAA, CAP 739, Flight Operation Quality Assurance (FOQA), 2013.
  6. Cabera, L. and Predmore, S., Internal document. Team resource Management, Delta Airlines, 1997.
  7. Caldwell, J.A., Mallis, M.M., Caldwell, J.L., Paul, M.A., Miller, J.C. and Neri, D.F., Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation, Aviation Space Environment Medicine, 80(1), 29-59, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3357/ASEM.2435.2009
  8. Choi, J.G., Kim, D.H. and Choi, Y.C., Safety Change Process with LOSA, Spring Conference Proceedings of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 90-92, 2017.
  9. Choi, J.K. and Kim, C.Y., A Study of the Threats towards the Flight Crew, Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 18(2), 54-59, 2010.
  10. Craig, P.A., The Kiliing zone: how and why pilots die, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
  11. DoD, Military Flight Operations Quality Assurance (MFOQA) Process Implementation, 2005.
  12. DoD, MIL-STD-1472F, Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military System, 1999.
  13. DoD, MIL-STD-1787C, Military Interface Standard Aircraft Display Symbology, 2001.
  14. DoD, MIL-STD-516B, Airworthiness Certification Criteria, 2005.
  15. DoD, MIL-STD-721B, Definition of Effectiveness Terms for Reliability, Maintainability, Human Factors and Safety, 1972.
  16. Driscoll, D., Maintenance Resource Management Training Program, Faces and Places, US Airways, Quality Assurance, Pittsburgh, PA, 1996.
  17. Dupont, G., The Dirty Dozen Errors in Maintenance, In Meeting Proceedings of the Eleventh FAA Meeting on Human Factors Issues in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection FAA Office of Aviation Medicine, Washington, D.C., 1997.
  18. EASA, Annual Safety Review, 2016.
  19. EASA, Part 66, License, 2017.
  20. Ercoline, W. and McKinley, A., Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments, Research and Technology Organization, 2008.
  21. Eurocontrol, Eurocontrol Guidelines for TRM Good Practices, 2015.
  22. Eurocontrol, Human Performance in Air Traffic Management Safety a White paper, Eurocontrol/FAA Action Plan 15 Safety, 2010.
  23. FAA, AC 120-103, FRMS for aviation safety, Technical report, 2010.
  24. FAA, AC 120-103A, Fatigue Risk Management Systems for Aviation Safety, 2013.
  25. FAA, AC 120-51E, Crew Resource Management Training, 2004.
  26. FAA, AC 120-54A, Advanced Qualification Program, 2006.
  27. FAA, AC 120-72, Maintenance resource management training, 2000.
  28. FAA, AC 120-82, Flight Operation Quality Assurance (FOQA), 2004.
  29. FAA, AC 120-90, Line Operations Safety Audits (LOSA), 2006.
  30. FAA, AC 20-151B, Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II), Versions 7.0 & 7.1 and Associated Mode S Transponders, 2014.
  31. FAA, DOT/FAA/AM-12/9, Implementation guideline for Maintenance Line Operations Safety Assessment (M-LOSA) and Ramp LOSA (R-LOSA) Programs, 2012.
  32. FAA, DOT/FAA/FA-88/1, Cockpit and Cabin Crew Coordination, 1988.
  33. FAA, FAA Notice 8900.131, Fatigue risk management plans (FRMP), 2010.
  34. FAA, FAA Order 9550.8, Human Factors Policy, 1993.
  35. FAA, FAR 121.404, Crew and Dispatcher Resource Management Training, 2011.
  36. FAA, General Aviation Controlled Flight into Terrain Joint Safety Implementation Team, Final Report, 2000.
  37. FAA, HF-STD-001B, Human Factors Design Standard, 2016.
  38. FAA, Operational Use of Flight Path Management Systems, Report of the PARC/CAST Flight Deck Automation WG, 2013.
  39. FAA, Order 8130.2, Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft and Related Products, 2015.
  40. FAA, Part 21, 2017.
  41. FAA, System Safety Handbook, 2000.
  42. FAA, The Human Factors Team Report on the Interfaces between Flight Crews and Modern Flight Deck Systems, 1996.
  43. Hawkins, F.H. and Orlady, H.W., Human Factors in flight, Avebury Technical, 1993.
  44. Henry, C., Normal Operations Safety Survey: Measuring system performance in air traffic control, doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 2008.
  45. Hollnagel, E. and Woods, D., Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering, CRC Press, 2005.
  46. Hollnagel, E., Wood, D.D. and Leveson, N., Resilience Engineering Concepts and Precepts, CRC Press, 2006.
  47. Hong, G.Y., Ahn, D.M. and Hong, S.B., The Development of MFD with CDTI Using the MIL-STD-1553B data Bus, The Journal of Korea Navigation Institute, 14(3), 313-320, 2010.
  48. Hursh, S.R., Redmond, D.P., Johnson, M.L., Thorne, D.R., Belenky, G., Balkin, T.J., Storm, W.F. Miller, J.C. and Eddy, D.R., Fatigue models for applied research in warfighting, Aviation Space Environmental Medicine, 75(3 Suppl): A44-A53, 2004.
  49. ICAO, A26-9, Flight Safety and Human Factors Programme, 2011.
  50. ICAO, Annex 1, Personnel Licensing.
  51. ICAO, Annex 14, Aerodromes.
  52. ICAO, Annex 19, Safety Management.
  53. ICAO, Annex 6, Operation of Aircraft.
  54. ICAO, Annex 6, part 1, Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS).
  55. ICAO, Doc 9683 Human Factors Training Manual, 1983.
  56. ICAO, Doc 9803 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), 2002.
  57. ICAO, Doc 9859 Safety Management Manual (3rd Edition), 2013.
  58. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 1.
  59. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 10.
  60. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 11.
  61. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 12.
  62. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 15.
  63. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 16.
  64. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 2.
  65. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 3.
  66. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 5.
  67. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 6.
  68. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 7.
  69. ICAO, ICAO Circular, Human Factors Digest No 8.
  70. ICAO, Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (PRAS), 2012.
  71. ICAO, Safety Report, 2016.
  72. ICAO/IATA/IFALPA, Measuring Fatigue, Asia-Pacific FRMS Seminar, 2012.
  73. Iwata, H., History of Haptic Interface, Human Haptic Perception: Basics and Applications, 29, 355-361, 2008.
  74. Jang, J.H., Kang, M.J. and Lee, D.C., A Study on the Reason of Marine Accidents - focused on Human Factors, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2009.
  75. Jeon, E.J., Park, S.W., Jeong, J.R., Kim, H.E. and You, H.C., An Ergonomics Improvement of the Flight Suit Sizing System and Pattern for Korean Pilots, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2011.
  76. Jung, J.H., Jo, J.Y., Jeong, J.R., Park, J.E., Lee, W.S., Uem, J.H., Lee, J.H., Kang, B.G., Kim, H.E., Park, S.W. and You, H.C., Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Helicopter Pilots for Helicopter Cockpit Design, Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 27(4), 37-44, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2008.27.4.037
  77. Jung, J.H., Park, J.W., Lee, W.S., Kang, B.G., Uem, J.H., Park, S.W. and You, H.C., Development of Quantitative Ergonomic Assessment Method for Helicopter Cockpit Design in a Digital Environment, Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 29(2), 203-210, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2010.29.2.203
  78. Kim, D.H. and Cho, B.S., A Study into a Way to Improve Flight Safety through Effective Human Factors Management, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 68-77, 2013.
  79. Kim, D.H., A Measurement of Safety Management Considering Physical and Mental Characteristic for Pilots, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2009.
  80. Kim, D.H., A Study on the Development of the Team Coordination Based on CRM Evaluation Checklist, Spring Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2010.
  81. Kim, D.H., Effort and Development Direction of Aviation Organization against Human Errors, Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 30(1), 29-39, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2011.30.1.29
  82. Kim, D.H., How Critical Is the Fatigue Management for Pilots in Aviation Safety? - A Review, an Investigation and Some Critical Needs, The Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 23(2), 1-8, 2013.
  83. Kim, D.W., Lee, S.I., Lee, S.H., Ahn, H.C., Koo, S.R. and Kim, C., Analysis of Risk Factors on the G-induced Loss of Conscious in ROKAF Pilots, The Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 14(1), 1-11, 2004.
  84. Kim, H.T. and Na, S., A Study on the Analysis and Prevention of the Human-related Marine Accidents, Ship Safety, 27, 26-36, 2009.
  85. Kim, J.S. and Hwang, B.M., A study of Automatic gravity-induced loss of consciousness detection environment, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, 1042-1046, 2011.
  86. Kim, J.S., Development of Flight Safety System of High-Maneuver Fighter, ROKAF Aviation Safety Seminar, 25-43, 2012.
  87. Kim, M.Y., Rhu, T.J. and Kim, S.R., The Development of Ergonomics Cockpit Design Program Based on the Military Aircraft, Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, 34(4), 83-88, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5139/JKSAS.2006.34.4.083
  88. King, R.E., Carol, A.M. and Gena, K.D., DOT/FAA/AM-07/14, Operational Use of the Air Traffic Selection and Training Battery, 2007.
  89. Klinect, J., Murray, P., Merrit, A. and Helmreich, R., LOSA: Definition and Operation Characteristics, the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project, TLC, Austin Texas, 2003.
  90. Ko, S.M., Lee, K.I., Kim, D.H. and Ji, Y.G., Vibrotactile Perception Assessment for a Haptic Interface on an Antigravity Suit, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 198-207, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.013
  91. Koo, M.S., A Study on the Application of Operational Experience in the Stage of Aircraft System Design and Safety Assessment, Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 22(2), 34-39, 2014. https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2014.22.2.034
  92. Korea Aviation Education and Training Portal, http://www.kaa.atims.kr/
  93. Korean Air, Flight Safety Occurrence Review Using the Human Factors Causal Analysis Tool (HFACS)(2008-2009), SkySafety21, 105, 31-41, 2009.
  94. KOTI, Development Plan for Accident Prevention Technology for Transportation Aircraft, 2013.
  95. Lee, B.H., Lee, W.S., Jeong, J.R., Jeon, E.J., Son, D.H., Park, S.W., Jung, D.H., Kim, H.E. and You, H.C., An Improvement in the Sizing System of Oxygen Masks for Korean Pilots, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2011.
  96. Lee, C.M., Kim, Y.J., Lee, J.S., Park, S.K. and You, H.C., A study on the Ergonomic Design of the Cockpit Interior Space, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 145-162, 1993.
  97. Lee, H.J. and Choi, J.D., Design to improve HUD symbol visibility in air-to-air mode, Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Science, 42(12), 1045-1050, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5139/JKSAS.2014.42.12.1045
  98. Lee, J.S. and Song, Y.W., formulation of Human Manikin Models Representative of Korean Male pilots, Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 21(1), pp15-26, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2002.21.1.015
  99. Lee, K.I. and Kim, D.H., A Study on the Method of Haptic Guideline Development for the Aviation Safety, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2010.
  100. Lee, S.K., Kim, J.S., Lee, J.H., Jung, J.O., Jang, M.S. and Lee, J.H., The Cockpit Arrangement Application for KT-1 Export Verstion (XKT-1), Korean Council on System Engineering, System Engineering Workshop, no 6, pp86-93, 2005.
  101. Leveson, N.G., A New Accident Model for Engineering Safer Systems, to Appear in Safety Science, Elsevier Science Ltd, 2003.
  102. Marcus, J.H. and Rosekind, M.R., Fatigue in Transportation: NTSB Investigations and Safety Recommendations, Injury Prevention, 23(4), 2017.
  103. MOLT, Aviation Safety Law, 2017.
  104. MOLT, Unmanned Aircraft Safety Management Plan, 2012.
  105. Newman, D.G., Flying Fast Jets: Human Factors and Performance Limitations, Ashgate, 2014.
  106. NTSB, Accident Report NTSB/AAR-14/01 PB2014-105984, 2014.
  107. Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B. and Wickens, C.D., A Model for Type and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 30, 286-297, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.844354
  108. Park, H., Improving Flight Safety Using FOQA, ROKAF Aviation Safety Seminar, 2010.
  109. Purton, L. and Kourousis, L., Military Airworthiness Management Framework; a Critical Review, Procedia Engineering, 80, 545-564, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.111
  110. Robertson, S.P., Wayne, Z. and Black, J.B., Cognition Computing and Cooperation, Ablex Publishing Corporation Norwood, 1990.
  111. ROKAF Academy, Flight Aptitude Test White Paper, 2011.
  112. ROKAF Academy, Study on Development Direction of Maneuverability Aptitude Model, 2010.
  113. ROKAF, Operational SOP, Total Optimization Safety Management Guideline, 2013.
  114. ROKAF, Safety Management Rule, Safety Management Guide, 2016.
  115. RTCA DO-315B, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vision Systems and Enhanced Flight Vision Systems, 2012.
  116. Self, B.P., Van Erp, J.B.F., Eriksson, L. and Elliott, L.R., Human Factors Issues of Tactile Displays for Military Environments. In J.B.F. van Erp, & B.P. Self (Ed.), Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments, TRHFM-122 (pp.1.4-1.5). RTO Technical Report, NATO Research and Technology Organisation, 2008.
  117. Shappell, S. and Wiegmann, D., the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-HFACS, DOT/FAA/AM-007, 2000.
  118. Shappell, S.A. and Wiegmann, D.A., DOT/FAA/AM-03/4, A Human Error Analysis of General Aviation Controlled Flight into Terrain Accidents occurring between 1990-1998, 1988.
  119. Sheridan, T.B. and Verplank, W., Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators, Cambridge, MA: Man-Machine System Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 1978.
  120. Shin, M.J., Back, D.H., Kim, D.S. and Yoon, W.C., A Framework for Computerized Human Error Analysis System - Focused on the Railway Industry, Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 27(3), 43-52, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2008.27.3.043
  121. Sinclair, G. and Seiler, R., Air Traffic Selection & Training (AT-SAT) Test Success Predictability and Preparation, Assessment Fellows Grants, 24, 2012.
  122. Song, B.H., Lee, S.C., Sung, H.K., Moon, H.J., Shim, S.H., Ahn, J.S., Ko, Y.R. and Kim, G.H., Analysis of Customer Needs upon the Cockpit Layout of a Single Piston Aircraft, Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 17(1), 58-63, 2009.
  123. Staszewski, W.J., Boller, C. and Tomlinson, G.R., Health Monitoring of Aerospace structure, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004.
  124. Um, K.S., A Study about a New Conceptual Model of Assistant Outfit for Spatial Orientation through Continuous Recognition of Aircraft Attitude, Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 46(1), 115-133, 1999.
  125. US AF, AF Risk Management Overview, Asia Pacific Aviation Safety Conference, 2014.
  126. US AF, AFI 11-202, General Flight Rules, 2016.
  127. US AF, AFI 11-290, Cockpit/Crew Resource Management Training Program, 2012.
  128. US AF, AFI 90-1301, Implementing Military Flight Operations Quality Assurance, 2008.
  129. US AF, AFI 91-225, Aviation Safety Programs, 2015.
  130. US AF, AFPD 90-13, Military Flight Operations Quality Assurance, 2008.
  131. US AF, AT-M-06A, Crew Resource Management (CRM) Basic Concepts, 1998.
  132. US AFSC, 1c1x1, Air Traffic Control Operation, 2017.
  133. US Navy, OPNAV Instruction 3710.7V, 2016.
  134. Valavanis, K.P. and Vachtsevanos, G.J., Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Springer Publishing Company, 2014.
  135. Van Erp, J.B.F. and Van Veen, H.A.H.C., Vibrotactile In-vehicle Navigation System. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 7, 247-256, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2004.09.003
  136. Walker, G.H., Neville, A. and Stanton., Human Factors in Automotive Engineering and Technology, Ashgate, 2015.
  137. Wiener, E., Kanki, B. and Helmreich, R., Cockpit Resource Management, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1993.
  138. Wiener, E.L., Human Factors in Aviation, Academic Press, 1988.
  139. Yonsei University, a Study on Implementation of Air Traffic Controller Aptitude Test, 2010.
  140. Yonsei University, a Study on the Development of ROKAF Safety Education Program, 2011.
  141. Yonsei University, Asiana Airlines CRM Training Diagnosis and Improvement Research, 2011.
  142. Yoo, K.I. and Kim, M.G., A study of SHEL Model Application to Passenger Brace Position Information of Korean Air Carriers, Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 23(4), 125-132, 2015. https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2015.23.4.125
  143. Yoon, B.S. and Lee, S.H., A Study on Improvement of the Individual Pilot Quality Control System for Flight Safety, Fall Conference Proceedings of the Korea Safety Management & Science, 1999.
  144. Youn, K.W., Lee, S.Y. and Yim, S.H., Human Factors Involved in Traffic Accidents and Unsafe Driving Behaviors of Taxi Drivers, Korean Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 18(4), 307-317, 2006. https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.4.307
  145. Yu, T.J., Song, B.H. and Hwang, S.S., Application of AQP (Advanced Qualification Program) to Korea, Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation & Aeronautics, 21(3), 46-54, 2013. https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2013.21.3.046