참고문헌
- Wan JY, Liu P, Wang HY, Qi LW,Wang CZ, Li P, Yuan CS. Biotransformation and metabolic profile of American ginseng saponins with human intestinal microflora by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013;1286:83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.053
- Kim S, Oh MH, Kim BS, Kim WI, Cho HS, Park BY, Park C, Shin GW, Kwon J. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by ginsenoside Ro attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in macrophage cells. J Ginseng Res 2015;39:365-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.008
- Park EH, Kim YJ, Yamabe N, Park SH, Kim HK, Jang HJ, Kim JH, Cheon GJ, Ham J, Kang KS. Stereospecific anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 epimers isolated from heat-processed American ginseng on human gastric cancer cell. J Ginseng Res 2014;38:22-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.007
- Park JB, Kwon SK, Nagar H, Jung SB, Jeon BH, Kim CS, Oh JH, Song HJ, Kim CS. Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng improves vascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Ginseng Res 2014;38:244-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.05.011
- Christensen LP. Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv Food Nutr Res 2009;55:1-99.
- Lee MH, Lee YC, Kim SS, Hong HD, Kim KT. Quality and antioxidant activity of ginseng seed processed by fermentation strains. J Ginseng Res 2015;39:178-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.007
- Tilg H, Kaser A. Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2011;121:2126-32. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI58109
- Simon GL, Gorbach SL. The human intestinal microflora. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:147-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295996
- De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:14691-6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005963107
- Wang HY, Hua HY, Liu XY, Liu JH, Yu BY. In vitro biotransformation of red ginseng extract by human intestinal microflora: metabolites identification and metabolic profile elucidation using LC-Q-TOF. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014;98:296-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.006
- Crow JM. Microbiome: that healthy gut feeling. Nature 2011;480:88-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/480S88a
- Kim D. Chemical diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:1-15. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1
- Hasegawa H, Sung JH, Benno Y. Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Planta Med 1997;63:436-40. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957729
- Tawab MA, Bahr U, Karas M, Wurglics M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Degradation of ginsenosides in humans after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos 2003;31:1065-71. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.8.1065
- Bae EA, Choo MK, Park EK, Park SY, Shin HY, Kim DH. Metabolism of ginsenoside Rc by human intestinal bacteria and its related antiallergic activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25:743-7. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.743
- Shen H, Leung WI, Ruan JQ, Li SL, Lei JP, Wang YT, Yan R. Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 via the gypenoside pathway by human gut bacteria. Chin Med 2013;8:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-8-22
- Akao T, Kida H, Kanaoka M, Hattori M, Kobashi K. Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance of compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998;50:1155-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03327.x
- Park SY, Bae EA, Sung JH, Lee SK, Kim DH. Purification and characterization of ginsenoside Rb1-metabolizing beta-glucosidase from Fusobacterium K-60, a human intestinal anaerobic bacterium. Biosci Biotech Bioch 2001;65:1163-9. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.65.1163
- Bae EA, Shin JE, Kim DH. Metabolism of ginsenoside Re by human intestinal microflora and its estrogenic effect. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1903-8. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.1903
- Shin HY, Lee JH, Lee JY, Han YO, Han MJ, Kim DH. Purification and characterization of ginsenoside Ra-hydrolyzing beta-D-xylosidase from Bifidobacterium breve K-110, a human intestinal anaerobic bacterium. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:1170-3. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.26.1170
- Shin HY, Park SY, Sung JH, Kim DH. Purification and characterization of alpha-L-arabinopyranosidase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium breve K-110, a human intestinal anaerobic bacterium metabolizing ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:7116-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.12.7116-7123.2003
- Kim KA, Yoo HH, Gu W, Yu DH, Jin MJ, Choi HL, Yuan K, Guerin-Deremaux L, Kim DH. A prebiotic fiber increases the formation and subsequent absorption of compound k following oral administration of ginseng in rats. J Ginseng Res 2015;39:183-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.002
- Kang A, Zhang S, Shan J, Di L. Gut microbiota-mediated deglycosylation of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats: in vitro and in vivo insights from quantitative ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Methods 2015;7:6173-81. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY01098E
-
Shin KC, Choi HY, Seo MJ, Oh DK. Compound k production from red ginseng extract by
$\beta$ -glycosidase from sulfolobus solfataricus supplemented with$\alpha$ -l-arabinofuranosidase from caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Plos One 2015;10:e0145876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145876 - Liu L, Huang J, Hu X, Li K, Sun C. Simultaneous determination of ginsenoside (G-Re, G-Rg1, G-Rg2, G-F1, G-Rh1) and protopanaxatriol in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS and its application in a pharmacokinetics study of G-Re in volunteers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011;879:2011-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.018
피인용 문헌
- Metabolite profiling of ginsenosides in rat plasma, urine and feces by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Panax ginseng extract vol.32, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4105
- Impact of Drug Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics and their Relevance Upon Traditional Medicine-based Cardiovascular Drug Research vol.20, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666190618101526
- Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs vol.42, pp.10, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-019-01184-3
- Biofertilizers regulate the soil microbial community and enhance Panax ginseng yields vol.14, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-019-0241-1
- Herb–Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats vol.25, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030622
- Myristoleic acid produced by enterococci reduces obesity through brown adipose tissue activation vol.69, pp.7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319114
- Endophytes, biotransforming microorganisms, and engineering microbial factories for triterpenoid saponins production vol.41, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2020.1869691
- A comprehensive evaluation protocol for sulfur fumigation of ginseng using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis vol.145, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111293
- Improved Hygroscopicity and Bioavailability of Solid Dispersion of Red Ginseng Extract with Silicon Dioxide vol.13, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071022
- Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice vol.13, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091496
- Qualitatively and quantitatively investigating the metabolism of 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol‐type ginsenosides by gut microbiota of different species vol.35, pp.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.5219
- Development of natural products for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy against cancer vol.281, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114370
- Determination of ginsenoside Rh3 in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study vol.36, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.5268