References
- Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:933-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.08.005
- McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1787-847. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104
- Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 2009;119:e391-479.
- Basuray A, French B, Ky B, et al. Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction: clinical description, biomarkers, and outcomes. Circulation 2014;129:2380-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006855
- Writing Group MembersLloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010;121:e46-215.
- Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Wang Y, Vaccarino V, Radford MJ, Horwitz RI. Predictors of readmission among elderly survivors of admission with heart failure. Am Heart J 2000;139:72-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(00)90311-9
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;129:e28-292. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003961
- Heidenreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail 2013;6:606-19. https://doi.org/10.1161/HHF.0b013e318291329a
- Hu SS, Kong LZ, Gao RL, et al. Outline of the report on cardiovascular disease in China, 2010. Biomed Environ Sci 2012;25:251-6.
- Okura Y, Ramadan MM, Ohno Y, et al. Impending epidemic: future projection of heart failure in Japan to the year 2055. Circ J 2008;72:489-91. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.72.489
- Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2002;106:3068-72. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000039105.49749.6F
- Han SW, Ryu KH, Chae SC, et al. Multicenter analysis of clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with congestive heart failure in Korea. Korean Circ J 2005;35:357-61. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2005.35.5.357
- Choi DJ, Han S, Jeon ES, et al. Characteristics, outcomes and predictors of long-term mortality for patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a report from the Korean heart failure registry. Korean Circ J 2011;41:363-71. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2011.41.7.363
- Mant J, Doust J, Roalfe A, et al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care. Health Technol Assess 2009;13:1-207.
- Davie AP, Francis CM, Caruana L, Sutherland GR, McMurray JJ. Assessing diagnosis in heart failure: which features are any use? QJM 1997;90:335-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/90.5.335
- Oudejans I, Mosterd A, Bloemen JA, et al. Clinical evaluation of geriatric outpatients with suspected heart failure: value of symptoms, signs, and additional tests. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:518-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr021
- Kelder JC, Cramer MJ, van Wijngaarden J, et al. The diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation 2011;124:2865-73. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.019216
- Wang CS, FitzGerald JM, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ayas NT. Does this dyspneic patient in the emergency department have congestive heart failure? JAMA 2005;294:1944-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.15.1944
- Stevenson LW, Perloff JK. The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA 1989;261:884-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420060100040
- Chakko S, Woska D, Martinez H, et al. Clinical, radiographic, and hemodynamic correlations in chronic congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care. Am J Med 1991;90:353-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(91)90576-J
- Remes J, Lansimies E, Pyorala K. Usefulness of M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of heart failure. Cardiology 1991;78:267-77. https://doi.org/10.1159/000174793
- Marantz PR, Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. The relationship between left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure diagnosed by clinical criteria. Circulation 1988;77:607-12. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.77.3.607
- Rutten FH, Moons KG, Cramer MJ, et al. Recognising heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: cross sectional diagnostic study. BMJ 2005;331:1379. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38664.661181.55
- Drazner MH, Hellkamp AS, Leier CV, et al. Value of clinician assessment of hemodynamics in advanced heart failure: the ESCAPE trial. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:170-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.769778
- Butman SM, Ewy GA, Standen JR, Kern KB, Hahn E. Bedside cardiovascular examination in patients with severe chronic heart failure: importance of rest or inducible jugular venous distension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:968-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90405-P
- Stein JH, Neumann A, Marcus RH. Comparison of estimates of right atrial pressure by physical examination and echocardiography in patients with congestive heart failure and reasons for discrepancies. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:1615-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00776-5
- Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults? JAMA 1997;277:1712-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540450068038
- Madhok V, Falk G, Rogers A, Struthers AD, Sullivan FM, Fahey T. The accuracy of symptoms, signs and diagnostic tests in the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction in primary care: a diagnostic accuracy systematic review. BMC Fam Pract 2008;9:56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-9-56
- Caroci Ade S, Lareau SC. Descriptors of dyspnea by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease versus congestive heart failure. Heart Lung 2004;33:102-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2003.11.004
- Daniels LB, Clopton P, Bhalla V, et al. How obesity affects the cut-points for B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of acute heart failure. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. Am Heart J 2006;151:999-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.011
- Ghali JK, Kadakia S, Cooper RS, Liao YL. Bedside diagnosis of preserved versus impaired left ventricular systolic function in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1002-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90174-J
- Dunlay SM, Redfield MM, Weston SA, et al. Hospitalizations after heart failure diagnosis a community perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1695-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.019
- Drazner MH, Rame JE, Dries DL. Third heart sound and elevated jugular venous pressure as markers of the subsequent development of heart failure in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Med 2003;114:431-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00058-5
- Meyer P, Ekundayo OJ, Adamopoulos C, et al. A propensity-matched study of elevated jugular venous pressure and outcomes in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:839-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.045
- Davie AP, Francis CM, Love MP, et al. Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. BMJ 1996;312:222. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7025.222
- Khunti K, Squire I, Abrams KR, Sutton AJ. Accuracy of a 12-lead electrocardiogram in screening patients with suspected heart failure for open access echocardiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:571-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.03.013
- Madias JE. Why recording of an electrocardiogram should be required in every inpatient and outpatient encounter of patients with heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34:963-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03131.x
- Kirkpatrick JN, Vannan MA, Narula J, Lang RM. Echocardiography in heart failure: applications, utility, and new horizons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:381-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.048
- Dokainish H, Nguyen JS, Bobek J, Goswami R, Lakkis NM. Assessment of the American Society of Echocardiography-European Association of Echocardiography guidelines for diastolic function in patients with depressed ejection fraction: an echocardiographic and invasive haemodynamic study. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011;12:857-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jer157
- Groenveld HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K, et al. Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:818-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.061
- Schrier RW. Water and sodium retention in edematous disorders: role of vasopressin and aldosterone. Am J Med 2006;119:S47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.007
- Gheorghiade M, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Relationship between admission serum sodium concentration and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: an analysis from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry. Eur Heart J 2007;28:980-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl542
- Campbell RC, Sui X, Filippatos G, et al. Association of chronic kidney disease with outcomes in chronic heart failure: a propensity-matched study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:186-93.
- Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, Greenberg B, Stevenson LW. The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:681-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00608-7
- Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:948-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.032
- Maisel AS, McCord J, Nowak RM, et al. Bedside B-Type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2010-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00405-4
- Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, Dobson AJ. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1978-84. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.18.1978
- Zaphiriou A, Robb S, Murray-Thomas T, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma BNP and NTproBNP in patients referred from primary care with suspected heart failure: results of the UK natriuretic peptide study. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:537-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.01.022
- Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K Jr, et al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:824-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.07.014
- Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, et al. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet 1997;350:1349-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06031-5
- Yamamoto K, Burnett JC Jr, Bermudez EA, Jougasaki M, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Clinical criteria and biochemical markers for the detection of systolic dysfunction. J Card Fail 2000;6:194-200. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcaf.2000.9676
- Krishnaswamy P, Lubien E, Clopton P, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Am J Med 2001;111:274-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00841-5
- Kelder JC, Cramer MJ, Verweij WM, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Clinical utility of three B-type natriuretic peptide assays for the initial diagnostic assessment of new slow-onset heart failure. J Card Fail 2011;17:729-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.04.013
- Redfield MM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Burnett JC Jr. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:976-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02059-4
- Mehra MR, Uber PA, Park MH, et al. Obesity and suppressed B-type natriuretic peptide levels in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1590-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.066
- Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019
- McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:803-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfs105
- Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Boehmer JP, et al. HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Card Fail 2010;16:e1-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.04.004
- Drazner MH, Rame JE, Stevenson LW, Dries DL. Prognostic importance of elevated jugular venous pressure and a third heart sound in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:574-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010641
- Silver MA, Maisel A, Yancy CW, et al. BNP Consensus Panel 2004: a clinical approach for the diagnostic, prognostic, screening, treatment monitoring, and therapeutic roles of natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular diseases. Congest Heart Fail 2004;10:1-30.
- Ewald B, Ewald D, Thakkinstian A, Attia J. Meta-analysis of B type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro B natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of clinical heart failure and population screening for left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Intern Med J 2008;38:101-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01454.x
- Dao Q, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, et al. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:379-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01156-6
- Davis M, Espiner E, Richards G, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in assessment of acute dyspnoea. Lancet 1994;343:440-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92690-5
- Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;347:161-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020233
- van Kimmenade RR, Pinto YM, Bayes-Genis A, Lainchbury JG, Richards AM, Januzzi JL Jr. Usefulness of intermediate amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations for diagnosis and prognosis of acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:386-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.043
- Bayes-Genis A, Santalo-Bel M, Zapico-Muniz E, et al. N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the emergency diagnosis and in-hospital monitoring of patients with dyspnoea and ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:301-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.12.013
- Costello-Boerrigter LC, Boerrigter G, Redfield MM, et al. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide in the general community: determinants and detection of left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:345-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.025
- Yoo BS, Kim WJ, Jung HS, et al. The clinical experiences of B-type natriuretic peptide blood concentrations for diagnosis in congestive heart failure: the single hospital experience based on the large clinical database. Korean Circ J 2004;34:684-92. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2004.34.7.684
- de Lemos JA, McGuire DK, Khera A, et al. Screening the population for left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction using natriuretic peptides: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Am Heart J 2009;157:746-753.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.12.017
- Goetze JP, Mogelvang R, Maage L, et al. Plasma pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the general population: screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2006;27:3004-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl406
- Ng LL, Loke IW, Davies JE, et al. Community screening for left ventricular systolic dysfunction using plasma and urinary natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1043-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.058
- Richards AM, Doughty R, Nicholls MG, et al. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin: prognostic utility and prediction of benefit from carvedilol in chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1781-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01269-4
- Tang WH, Girod JP, Lee MJ, et al. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in ambulatory patients with established chronic symptomatic systolic heart failure. Circulation 2003;108:2964-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000106903.98196.B6
- Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, et al. Plasma natriuretic peptides for community screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction: the Framingham heart study. JAMA 2002;288:1252-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.10.1252
- Berger R, Huelsman M, Strecker K, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002;105:2392-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000016642.15031.34
- Anand IS, Fisher LD, Chiang YT, et al. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and morbidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 2003;107:1278-83. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000054164.99881.00
- Forfia PR, Watkins SP, Rame JE, Stewart KJ, Shapiro EP. Relationship between B-type natriuretic peptides and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in the intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1667-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.046
- Taub PR, Daniels LB, Maisel AS. Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide levels in predicting hemodynamic and clinical decompensation. Heart Fail Clin 2009;5:169-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2008.11.009
- Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, et al. High levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 after optimized treatment for heart failure are independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1587-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00912-8
- Neuhold S, Huelsmann M, Strunk G, et al. Comparison of copeptin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure: prediction of death at different stages of the disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:266-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.050
- Chung IH, Yoo BS, Ryu HY, et al. The relationship between the early follow-up bnp level and congestive status or prognosis in acute heart failure. Korean Circ J 2006;36:200-7. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2006.36.3.200
- Januzzi JL Jr, Rehman SU, Mohammed AA, et al. Use of amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide to guide outpatient therapy of patients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1881-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.072
- Porapakkham P, Porapakkham P, Zimmet H, Billah B, Krum H. B-type natriuretic peptide-guided heart failure therapy: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:507-14. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.35
- Felker GM, Hasselblad V, Hernandez AF, O'Connor CM. Biomarker-guided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2009;158:422-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.06.018
- Jourdain P, Jondeau G, Funck F, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1733-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.081
- Pfisterer M, Buser P, Rickli H, et al. BNP-guided vs symptom-guided heart failure therapy: the Trial of Intensified vs Standard Medical Therapy in Elderly Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA 2009;301:383-92. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.2
- Berger R, Moertl D, Peter S, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided, intensive patient management in addition to multidisciplinary care in chronic heart failure a 3-arm, prospective, randomized pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:645-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.078
- Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM. Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations. Lancet 2000;355:1126-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02060-2
- Lainchbury JG, Troughton RW, Strangman KM, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment To Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;55:53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.095
- Lee YS, Kim KS, Lee JB, et al. Effect of valsartan on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide in patient with stable chronic heart failure: comparison with enalapril. Korean Circ J 2011;41:61-7. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2011.41.2.61
- Feissel M, Maizel J, Robles G, Badie J, Faller JP, Slama M. Clinical relevance of echocardiography in acute severe dyspnea. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:1159-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.06.022
- Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, et al. Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers. J Card Fail 2009;15:586-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002
- Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Shemanski L, Gardin J, Kitzman D. Predictive value of systolic and diastolic function for incident congestive heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1042-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01110-X
- Chen AA, Wood MJ, Krauser DG, et al. NT-proBNP levels, echocardiographic findings, and outcomes in breathless patients: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnoea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) echocardiographic substudy. Eur Heart J 2006;27:839-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi811
- Gardin JM, McClelland R, Kitzman D, et al. M-mode echocardiographic predictors of six- to seven-year incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and mortality in an elderly cohort (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1051-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01460-6
- Grayburn PA, Appleton CP, DeMaria AN, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure: the Beta-blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1064-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.069
- Francis CM, Caruana L, Kearney P, et al. Open access echocardiography in management of heart failure in the community. BMJ 1995;310:634-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6980.634
- Bonow RO, Bennett S, Casey DE Jr, et al. ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults with Chronic Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 2005;112:1853-87. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170072
- Choi JO, Shin MS, Kim MJ, et al. Normal echocardiographic measurements in a Korean population study: part I. Cardiac chamber and great artery evaluation. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015;23:158-72. https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2015.23.3.158
- Paulus WJ, Tschope C, Sanderson JE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2539-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm037
- Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006;7:79-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014
- Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;13:1-46. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jer316
- Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:165-93.
- Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1527-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00344-6
- Valle-Munoz A, Estornell-Erill J, Soriano-Navarro CJ, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiovascular magnetic resonance identifies coronary artery disease as the aetiology of left ventricular dysfunction in acute new-onset congestive heart failure. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:968-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jep115
- Hamilton-Craig C, Strugnell WE, Raffel OC, Porto I, Walters DL, Slaughter RE. CT angiography with cardiac MRI: non-invasive functional and anatomical assessment for the etiology in newly diagnosed heart failure. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;28:1111-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-011-9926-y
- Schietinger BJ, Voros S, Isbell DC, Meyer CH, Christopher JM, Kramer CM. Can late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance identify coronary artery disease as the etiology of new onset congestive heart failure? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2007;23:595-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-006-9200-x
- Senthilkumar A, Majmudar MD, Shenoy C, Kim HW, Kim RJ. Identifying the etiology: a systematic approach using delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart Fail Clin 2009;5:349-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2009.02.009
- ten Kate GJ, Caliskan K, Dedic A, et al. Computed tomography coronary imaging as a gatekeeper for invasive coronary angiography in patients with newly diagnosed heart failure of unknown aetiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1028-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft090
- Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, Sechtem U, Kim RJ. Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1461-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi258
- Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, et al. Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2156-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02602-5
- Moon JC, Sachdev B, Elkington AG, et al. Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson-Fabry disease. Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2151-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.017
- Patel MR, Cawley PJ, Heitner JF, et al. Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis. Circulation 2009;120:1969-77. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.851352
- Maceira AM, Joshi J, Prasad SK, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation 2005;111:186-93. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000152819.97857.9D
- Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation 2004;109:1250-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000118493.13323.81
- Choi KM, Kim RJ, Gubernikoff G, Vargas JD, Parker M, Judd RM. Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function. Circulation 2001;104:1101-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc3501.096798
- Romero J, Kahan J, Kelesidis I, et al. CMR imaging for the evaluation of myocardial stunning after acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of prospective trials. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;14:1080-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet040
- Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1445-53. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200011163432003
- Kwong RY, Korlakunta H. Diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in assessing myocardial viability. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2008;19:15-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0B013e31817d550c
- Eitel I, Desch S, de Waha S, et al. Long-term prognostic value of myocardial salvage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Heart 2011;97:2038-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300098
- Romero J, Xue X, Gonzalez W, Garcia MJ. CMR imaging assessing viability in patients with chronic ventricular dysfunction due to coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of prospective trials. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:494-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.02.009
- Trent RJ, Waiter GD, Hillis GS, McKiddie FI, Redpath TW, Walton S. Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of myocardial functional recovery after revascularisation. Heart 2000;83:40-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.1.40
- Selvanayagam JB, Kardos A, Francis JM, et al. Value of delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in predicting myocardial viability after surgical revascularization. Circulation 2004;110:1535-41. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000142045.22628.74
- Klem I, Weinsaft JW, Bahnson TD, et al. Assessment of myocardial scarring improves risk stratification in patients evaluated for cardiac defibrillator implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:408-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.070
- Gao P, Yee R, Gula L, et al. Prediction of arrhythmic events in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy patients referred for implantable cardiac defibrillator: evaluation of multiple scar quantification measures for late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:448-56. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.971549
- Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:242-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.026
- Leonardi S, Raineri C, De Ferrari GM, et al. Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2003-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp152
- Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG, et al. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J 2000;21:1387-96. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2000.2011
- Alfakih K, Reid S, Jones T, Sivananthan M. Assessment of ventricular function and mass by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1813-22.
- Grothues F, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Smith GS, Klein HU, Pennell DJ. Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 2004;147:218-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.10.005
- Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, et al. Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02381-0
- Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ. Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2000;2:271-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/10976640009148691
- Chugh AR, Beache GM, Loughran JH, et al. Administration of cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the SCIPIO trial: surgical aspects and interim analysis of myocardial function and viability by magnetic resonance. Circulation 2012;126:S54-64. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.092627
- Prasad SK, Soukias N, Hornung T, et al. Role of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Circulation 2004;109:207-14. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000107842.29467.C5
- Salehian O, Schwerzmann M, Merchant N, Webb GD, Siu SC, Therrien J. Assessment of systemic right ventricular function in patients with transposition of the great arteries using the myocardial performance index: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2004;110:3229-33. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000147284.54140.73
- Rutledge JM, Nihill MR, Fraser CD, Smith OE, McMahon CJ, Bezold LI. Outcome of 121 patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Pediatr Cardiol 2002;23:137-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-001-0037-8
- Hundley WG, Li HF, Lange RA, et al. Assessment of left-to-right intracardiac shunting by velocity-encoded, phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison with oximetric and indicator dilution techniques. Circulation 1995;91:2955-60. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.91.12.2955
- Korperich H, Gieseke J, Barth P, et al. Flow volume and shunt quantification in pediatric congenital heart disease by real-time magnetic resonance velocity mapping: a validation study. Circulation 2004;109:1987-93. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000126494.66859.A2
- Therrien J, Provost Y, Merchant N, Williams W, Colman J, Webb G. Optimal timing for pulmonary valve replacement in adults after tetralogy of Fallot repair. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:779-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.11.037
- Oosterhof T, van Straten A, Vliegen HW, et al. Preoperative thresholds for pulmonary valve replacement in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2007;116:545-51. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.659664
- Mittal TK, Panicker MG, Mitchell AG, Banner NR. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: electrocardiographically gated cardiac CT angiography for assessment. Radiology 2013;268:374-81. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13121440
- Ferencik M, Brady TJ, Hoffmann U. Computed tomography imaging of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2012;6:223-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2011.11.007
- CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429-35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198706043162301
- SOLVD InvestigatorsYusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB, Cohn JN. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199108013250501
- Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999;100:2312-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.23.2312
- SOLVD InvestigatorsYusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB Jr, Cohn JN. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992;327:685-91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199209033271003
- Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L, et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet 2000;355:1575-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02212-1
- Garg R, Yusuf SCollaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA 1995;273:1450-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520420066040
- Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2338-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl250
- Cohn JN, Tognoni GValsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1667-75. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010713
- Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003;362:759-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14282-1
- Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003;362:772-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5
- Konstam MA, Neaton JD, Dickstein K, et al. Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2009;374:1840-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61913-9
- Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14285-7
- Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2456-67. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805450
- Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1893-906. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032292
- Dickstein K, Kjekshus JOPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 2002;360:752-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09895-1
- McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003;362:767-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3
- Krum H, Carson P, Farsang C, et al. Effect of valsartan added to background ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure: results from Val-HeFT. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:937-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.09.005
- The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11181-9
- Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2
- Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1651-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105313442201
- Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation 2002;106:2194-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF
- Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1385-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04560-8
- Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi115
- Funck-Brentano C, van Veldhuisen DJ, van de Ven LL, et al. Influence of order and type of drug (bisoprolol vs. enalapril) on outcome and adverse events in patients with chronic heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the CIBIS-III trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:765-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr051
- Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991;83:1849-65. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.6.1849
- Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909023411001
- Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES]). Am J Cardiol 1996;78:902-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00465-1
- Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011;364:11-21. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009492
- Hernandez AF, Mi X, Hammill BG, et al. Associations between aldosterone antagonist therapy and risks of mortality and readmission among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. JAMA 2012;308:2097-107. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14795
- Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1309-21. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030207
- Deswal A, Richardson P, Bozkurt B, Mann DL. Results of the Randomized Aldosterone Antagonism in heart failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction trial (RAAM-PEF). J Card Fail 2011;17:634-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.04.007
- Edelmann F, Wachter R, Schmidt AG, et al. Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2013;309:781-91. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.905
- Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF, et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1383-92. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1313731
- Writing Group MembersYancy CW, Jessup M, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013;128:e240-327.
- Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1547-52. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198606123142404
- Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991;325:303-10. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199108013250502
- Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN. Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group. J Card Fail 1999;5:178-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-9164(99)90001-5
- Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2049-57. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042934
- Faris R, Flather MD, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ. Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD003838.
- Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, Henein M, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A. Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 2002;82:149-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(01)00600-3
- Cooper HA, Dries DL, Davis CE, Shen YL, Domanski MJ. Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;100:1311-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.12.1311
- Oster JR, Epstein M, Smoller S. Combined therapy with thiazide-type and loop diuretic agents for resistant sodium retention. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:405-6. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-405
- Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1005419
- Sica DA, Gehr TW. Diuretic combinations in refractory oedema states: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;30:229-49. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199630030-00004
- Young M, Plosker GL. Torasemide: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in chronic heart failure. Pharmacoeconomics 2001;19:679-703. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200119060-00006
- Murray MD, Deer MM, Ferguson JA, et al. Open-label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure. Am J Med 2001;111:513-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00903-2
- Cosin J, Diez JTORIC investigators. Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002;4:507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00122-8
- Brater DC. Diuretic therapy. N Engl J Med 1998;339:387-95. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808063390607
- Ellison DH. The physiologic basis of diuretic synergism: its role in treating diuretic resistance. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:886-94. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-10-886
- Lee DC, Johnson RA, Bingham JB, et al. Heart failure in outpatients: a randomized trial of digoxin versus placebo. N Engl J Med 1982;306:699-705. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198203253061202
- Guyatt GH, Sullivan MJ, Fallen EL, et al. A controlled trial of digoxin in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:371-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(88)90947-2
- DiBianco R, Shabetai R, Kostuk W, Moran J, Schlant RC, Wright R. A comparison of oral milrinone, digoxin, and their combination in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1989;320:677-83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198903163201101
- Uretsky BF, Young JB, Shahidi FE, et al. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. PROVED Investigative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:955-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90403-N
- Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB, et al. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. RADIANCE Study. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199307013290101
- Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 1997;336:525-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199702203360801
- Hood WB Jr, Dans AL, Guyatt GH, Jaeschke R, McMurray JJ. Digitalis for treatment of congestive heart failure in patients in sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Fail 2004;10:155-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2003.12.005
- Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Bristow MR, Krumholz HM. Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA 2003;289:871-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.7.871
- Adams KF Jr, Patterson JH, Gattis WA, et al. Relationship of serum digoxin concentration to mortality and morbidity in women in the digitalis investigation group trial: a retrospective analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:497-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.091
- Slatton ML, Irani WN, Hall SA, et al. Does digoxin provide additional hemodynamic and autonomic benefit at higher doses in patients with mild to moderate heart failure and normal sinus rhythm? J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1206-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00057-0
- Fogelman AM, La Mont JT, Finkelstein S, Rado E, Pearce ML. Fallibility of plasma-digoxin in differentiating toxic from non-toxic patients. Lancet 1971;2:727-9.
- Ingelfinger JA, Goldman P. The serum digitalis concentration--does it diagnose digitalis toxicity? N Engl J Med 1976;294:867-70. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197604152941603
- Mehra MR, Ventura HO, Kapoor C, Stapleton DD, Zimmerman D, Smart FW. Safety and clinical utility of long-term intravenous milrinone in advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:61-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00284-1
- Aranda JM Jr, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, et al. Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial. Am Heart J 2003;145:324-9. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2003.50
- Brozena SC, Twomey C, Goldberg LR, et al. A prospective study of continuous intravenous milrinone therapy for status IB patients awaiting heart transplant at home. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23:1082-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.017
- Xamoterol in severe heart failure. The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Lancet 1990;336:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91517-E
- Cohn JN, Goldstein SO, Greenberg BH, et al. A dose-dependent increase in mortality with vesnarinone among patients with severe heart failure. Vesnarinone Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1810-6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199812173392503
- Hampton JR, van Veldhuisen DJ, Kleber FX, et al. Randomised study of effect of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure. Second Prospective Randomised Study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy (PRIME II) Investigators. Lancet 1997;349:971-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10488-8
- Lubsen J, Just H, Hjalmarsson AC, et al. Effect of pimobendan on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure: main results from the Pimobendan in Congestive Heart Failure (PICO) trial. Heart 1996;76:223-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.76.3.223
- Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1468-75. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199111213252103
- Metra M, Eichhorn E, Abraham WT, et al. Effects of low-dose oral enoximone administration on mortality, morbidity, and exercise capacity in patients with advanced heart failure: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group ESSENTIAL trials. Eur Heart J 2009;30:3015-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp338
- Oliva F, Latini R, Politi A, et al. Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial. Am Heart J 1999;138:247-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70108-0
- Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, et al. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051
- Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF Jr, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287:1541-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.12.1541
- Elkayam U, Tasissa G, Binanay C, et al. Use and impact of inotropes and vasodilator therapy in hospitalized patients with severe heart failure. Am Heart J 2007;153:98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.09.005
- Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC. Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2009;2:320-4. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076
- Anter E, Jessup M, Callans DJ. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: treatment considerations for a dual epidemic. Circulation 2009;119:2516-25. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821306
- Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, et al. 2012 focused update of the ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2719-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs253
- January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:e1-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.022
- Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-51. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561
- Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638
- Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:981-92. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039
- Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2014;383:955-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62343-0
- Lega JC, Bertoletti L, Gremillet C, et al. Consistency of safety and efficacy of new oral anticoagulants across subgroups of patients with atrial fibrillation. PLoS One 2014;9:e91398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091398
- Baker WL, Phung OJ. Systematic review and adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis of oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012;5:711-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966572
- Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:453-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.049
- Larsen TB, Lip GY. Warfarin or novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation? Lancet 2014;383:931-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62376-4
- Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449-57. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1994.00420130036007
- Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857-67. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007
- Olesen JB, Lip GY, Lindhardsen J, et al. Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: a net clinical benefit analysis using a 'real world' nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:739-49. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH11-05-0364
- Massie BM, Collins JF, Ammon SE, et al. Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trial. Circulation 2009;119:1616-24. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.801753
- Homma S, Thompson JL, Pullicino PM, et al. Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1859-69. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1202299
- Lip GY, Wrigley BJ, Pisters R. Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD003336.
- Dunkman WB. Thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Risk 1995;2:107-17.
- Cioffi G, Pozzoli M, Forni G, et al. Systemic thromboembolism in chronic heart failure. A prospective study in 406 patients. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1381-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015073
- Baker DW, Wright RF. Management of heart failure. IV. Anticoagulation for patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. JAMA 1994;272:1614-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520200070038
- Katz SD. Left ventricular thrombus and the incidence of thromboembolism in patients with congestive heart failure: can clinical factors identify patients at increased risk? J Cardiovasc Risk 1995;2:97-102.
- Mills EJ, Rachlis B, Wu P, Devereaux PJ, Arora P, Perri D. Primary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and events with statin treatments: a network meta-analysis involving more than 65,000 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1769-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.039
- Taylor F, Ward K, Moore TH, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD004816.
- Kostis WJ, Cheng JQ, Dobrzynski JM, Cabrera J, Kostis JB. Meta-analysis of statin effects in women versus men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:572-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.067
- Horwich TB, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:642-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.049
- Anker SD, Clark AL, Winkler R, et al. Statin use and survival in patients with chronic heart failure--results from two observational studies with 5200 patients. Int J Cardiol 2006;112:234-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.03.057
- Go AS, Lee WY, Yang J, Lo JC, Gurwitz JH. Statin therapy and risks for death and hospitalization in chronic heart failure. JAMA 2006;296:2105-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.17.2105
- Krum H, Bailey M, Meyer W, et al. Impact of statin therapy on clinical outcomes in chronic heart failure patients according to beta-blocker use: results of CIBIS II. Cardiology 2007;108:28-34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000095629
- Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2248-61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706201
- Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1231-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61240-4
- Horwich TB, Hamilton MA, Maclellan WR, Fonarow GC. Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 2002;8:216-24. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcaf.2002.0804216
- Rauchhaus M, Clark AL, Doehner W, et al. The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.016
- Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, et al. Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of beta-blocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1938-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.020
- Renneboog B, Musch W, Vandemergel X, Manto MU, Decaux G. Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits. Am J Med 2006;119:71.e1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.019
- Ghali JK, Koren MJ, Taylor JR, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral conivaptan: a V1A/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist, assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2145-52. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2287
- Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M, et al. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2099-112. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa065181
- Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA 2007;297:1332-43. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.12.1332
- Yokota T, Tsutsui H, Japanese Circulation Society (JCS). New aspects of guidelines for treatment of chronic heart failure (JCS 2010). Nihon Rinsho 2011;69:1691-7.
- Gu J, Noe A, Chandra P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LCZ696, a novel dual-acting angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi). J Clin Pharmacol 2010;50:401-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270009343932
- Trial watch: dual inhibition shows promise in hypertension. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010;9:350.
- McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014;371:993-1004. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1409077
- McMurray J, Packer M, Desai A, et al. A putative placebo analysis of the effects of LCZ696 on clinical outcomes in heart failure. Eur Heart J 2015;36:434-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu455
- Packer M, McMurray JJ, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril on the risk of clinical progression in surviving patients with heart failure. Circulation 2015;131:54-61. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013748
- Moe GW, Ezekowitz JA, O'Meara E, et al. The 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Heart Failure Management Guidelines Focus Update: anemia, biomarkers, and recent therapeutic trial implications. Can J Cardiol 2015;31:3-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.10.022
- Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006;355:251-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052256
- Owan TE, Redfield MM. Epidemiology of diastolic heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;47:320-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2005.02.010
- How to diagnose diastolic heart failure. European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J 1998;19:990-1003. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1998.1057
- Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, et al. Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: is measurement of diastolic function necessary to make the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure? Circulation 2001;104:779-82. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc3201.094226
- Lee DS, Gona P, Vasan RS, et al. Relation of disease pathogenesis and risk factors to heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: insights from the framingham heart study of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Circulation 2009;119:3070-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.815944
- Bhuiyan T, Maurer MS. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: persistent diagnosis, therapeutic enigma. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 2011;5:440-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-011-0184-2
- Redfield MM, Chen HH, Borlaug BA, et al. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309:1268-77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.2024
- Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-98. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0801369
- Piller LB, Baraniuk S, Simpson LM, et al. Long-term follow-up of participants with heart failure in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). Circulation 2011;124:1811-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.012575
- Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, Black HR, Soufer R. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:981-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)90937-V
- Hung MJ, Cherng WJ, Kuo LT, Wang CH. Effect of verapamil in elderly patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a cause of congestive heart failure. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:57-62.
- Boren SA, Wakefield BJ, Gunlock TL, Wakefield DS. Heart failure self-management education: a systematic review of the evidence. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2009;7:159-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1609.2009.00134.x
- Koelling TM, Johnson ML, Cody RJ, Aaronson KD. Discharge education improves clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2005;111:179-85. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000151811.53450.B8
- Powell LH, Calvin JE Jr, Richardson D, et al. Self-management counseling in patients with heart failure: the heart failure adherence and retention randomized behavioral trial. JAMA 2010;304:1331-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1362
- Jha AK, Orav EJ, Epstein AM. Public reporting of discharge planning and rates of readmissions. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2637-45. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0904859
- Aguado O, Morcillo C, Delas J, et al. Long-term implications of a single home-based educational intervention in patients with heart failure. Heart Lung 2010;39:S14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2010.04.010
- Lainscak M, Blue L, Clark AL, et al. Self-care management of heart failure: practical recommendations from the Patient Care Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:115-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq219
- Murberg TA. Long-term effect of social relationships on mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. Int J Psychiatry Med 2004;34:207-17. https://doi.org/10.2190/GKJ2-P8BD-V59X-MJNQ
- Ledwidge M, Barry M, Cahill J, et al. Is multidisciplinary care of heart failure cost-beneficial when combined with optimal medical care? Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:381-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00235-0
- McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:810-9.
- Fonarow GC, Albert NM, Curtis AB, et al. Improving evidence-based care for heart failure in outpatient cardiology practices: primary results of the Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting (IMPROVE HF). Circulation 2010;122:585-96. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.934471
- Hernandez AF, Greiner MA, Fonarow GC, et al. Relationship between early physician follow-up and 30-day readmission among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for heart failure. JAMA 2010;303:1716-22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.533
- Kostis JB, Rosen RC, Cosgrove NM, Shindler DM, Wilson AC. Nonpharmacologic therapy improves functional and emotional status in congestive heart failure. Chest 1994;106:996-1001. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.4.996
- Parrinello G, Di Pasquale P, Licata G, et al. Long-term effects of dietary sodium intake on cytokines and neurohormonal activation in patients with recently compensated congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2009;15:864-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.06.002
- Paterna S, Parrinello G, Cannizzaro S, et al. Medium term effects of different dosage of diuretic, sodium, and fluid administration on neurohormonal and clinical outcome in patients with recently compensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.043
- Son YJ, Lee Y, Song EK. Adherence to a sodium-restricted diet is associated with lower symptom burden and longer cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure. J Clin Nurs 2011;20:3029-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03755.x
- Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Lennon L, Sattar N. Obesity and risk of incident heart failure in older men with and without pre-existing coronary heart disease: does leptin have a role? J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1870-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.057
- Bahrami H, Bluemke DA, Kronmal R, et al. Novel metabolic risk factors for incident heart failure and their relationship with obesity: the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1775-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.048
- Abdulla J, Kober L, Abildstrom SZ, Christensen E, James WP, Torp-Pedersen C. Impact of obesity as a mortality predictor in high-risk patients with myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure: a pooled analysis of five registries. Eur Heart J 2008;29:594-601. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn010
- Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;347:305-13. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020245
- Curtis JP, Selter JG, Wang Y, et al. The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:55-61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.1.55
- Davos CH, Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, et al. Body mass and survival in patients with chronic heart failure without cachexia: the importance of obesity. J Card Fail 2003;9:29-35. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcaf.2003.4
- Kenchaiah S, Pocock SJ, Wang D, et al. Body mass index and prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure: insights from the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation 2007;116:627-36. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.679779
- Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14 Suppl 2:E1-40. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000277984.31558.c4
- Wilhelmsen L, Rosengren A, Eriksson H, Lappas G. Heart failure in the general population of men--morbidity, risk factors and prognosis. J Intern Med 2001;249:253-61. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00801.x
- Butler J, Kalogeropoulos A, Georgiopoulou V, et al. Incident heart failure prediction in the elderly: the health ABC heart failure score. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:125-33. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.768457
- Kalogeropoulos A, Georgiopoulou V, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Epidemiology of incident heart failure in a contemporary elderly cohort: the health, aging, and body composition study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:708-15. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.40
- Rodriguez-Roisin R, Soriano JB. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with lung cancer and/or cardiovascular disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008;5:842-7. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200807-075TH
- Evangelista LS, Doering LV, Dracup K. Usefulness of a history of tobacco and alcohol use in predicting multiple heart failure readmissions among veterans. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1339-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01238-8
- Suskin N, Sheth T, Negassa A, Yusuf S. Relationship of current and past smoking to mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1677-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01195-0
- Lainscak M, Cleland JG, Lenzen MJ, et al. Recall of lifestyle advice in patients recently hospitalised with heart failure: a EuroHeart Failure Survey analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:1095-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.08.001
- Abramson JL, Williams SA, Krumholz HM, Vaccarino V. Moderate alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure among older persons. JAMA 2001;285:1971-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.15.1971
- Walsh CR, Larson MG, Evans JC, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:181-91. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00005
- Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 2004;292:1333-40. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.11.1333
- Gurfinkel EP, Leon de la Fuente R, Mendiz O, Mautner B. Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.10.018
- Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, von Sternberg T. Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk senior citizens. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1769-76. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.16.1769
- Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington P, Vallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2611-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041747
- Jackson LA, Yu O, Heckbert SR, et al. Influenza vaccination is not associated with a reduction in the risk of recurrent coronary events. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:634-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf073
- de Diego C, Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa O, et al. Effects of annual influenza vaccination on winter mortality in elderly people with chronic heart disease. Eur Heart J 2009;30:209-16.
- Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007;116:1736-54. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095
- Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N. Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application. Jpn Circ J 1992;56:95-9. https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.56.95
- Ferrari R, De Giuli F. The propionyl-L-carnitine hypothesis: an alternative approach to treating heart failure. J Card Fail 1997;3:217-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-9164(97)90018-X
- Ghatak A, Brar MJ, Agarwal A, et al. Oxy free radical system in heart failure and therapeutic role of oral vitamin E. Int J Cardiol 1996;57:119-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(96)02787-8
- Morris CD, Carson S. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:56-70. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-1-200307010-00014
- Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW. Thyroid hormone abnormalities in heart failure: possibilities for therapy. Thyroid 1996;6:527-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1996.6.527
- Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1996;334:809-14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199603283341301
- Toma M, McAlister FA, Coglianese EE, et al. Testosterone supplementation in heart failure: a meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:315-21. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965632
- Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1223-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8
- Macchia A, Levantesi G, Franzosi MG, et al. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:904-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.04.008
- Nodari S, Triggiani M, Campia U, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on left ventricular function and functional capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:870-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.017
- Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, et al. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival with oral d-Sotalol. Lancet 1996;348:7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02149-6
- Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2678-87. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800456
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989;321:406-12. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198908103210629
- Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR, Curiel R. Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA). Lancet 1994;344:493-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91895-3
- Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:857-65. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909163411201
- Kober L, Bloch Thomsen PE, Moller M, et al. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:2052-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03402-4
- Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988;319:385-92. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198808183190701
- Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Circulation 1991;83:52-60. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.1.52
- Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1107-14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199610103351504
- Gislason GH, Rasmussen JN, Abildstrom SZ, et al. Increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:141-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.525
- Hudson M, Richard H, Pilote L. Differences in outcomes of patients with congestive heart failure prescribed celecoxib, rofecoxib, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based study. BMJ 2005;330:1370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1370
- Mamdani M, Juurlink DN, Lee DS, et al. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors versus non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 2004;363:1751-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16299-5
- Huerta C, Varas-Lorenzo C, Castellsague J, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of first hospital admission for heart failure in the general population. Heart 2006;92:1610-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.082388
- Dargie HJ, Hildebrandt PR, Riegger GA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1696-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.077
- Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW. Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007;370:1129-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61514-1
- Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 2009;373:2125-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3
- Giles TD, Elkayam U, Bhattacharya M, Perez A, Miller AB. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glyburide in early heart failure: insights from a randomized controlled study of patients with type 2 diabetes and mild cardiac disease. Congest Heart Fail 2010;16:111-7.
- Komajda M, McMurray JJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2010;31:824-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp604
- Bohlen JG, Held JP, Sanderson MO, Patterson RP. Heart rate, rate-pressure product, and oxygen uptake during four sexual activities. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:1745-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1984.00350210057007
- Jaarsma T. Sexual problems in heart failure patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2002;1:61-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-5151(01)00009-3
- Jaarsma T, Dracup K, Walden J, Stevenson LW. Sexual function in patients with advanced heart failure. Heart Lung 1996;25:262-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-9563(96)80061-6
- Schwarz ER, Kapur V, Bionat S, Rastogi S, Gupta R, Rosanio S. The prevalence and clinical relevance of sexual dysfunction in women and men with chronic heart failure. Int J Impot Res 2008;20:85-91. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901613
- Ueno M. The so-called coition death. Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi 1963;17:330-40.
- Muller JE. Sexual activity as a trigger for cardiovascular events: what is the risk? Am J Cardiol 1999;84:2N-5N.
- Flynn KE, Pina IL, Whellan DJ, et al. Effects of exercise training on health status in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1451-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.457
- Webster LJ, Michelakis ED, Davis T, Archer SL. Use of sildenafil for safe improvement of erectile function and quality of life in men with New York Heart Association classes II and III congestive heart failure: a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:514-20. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.5.514
- Hobkirk JP, Damy T, Walters M, et al. Effects of reducing inspired oxygen concentration for one hour in patients with chronic heart failure: implications for air travel. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:505-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft003
- Agostoni P, Cattadori G, Guazzi M, et al. Effects of simulated altitude-induced hypoxia on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med 2000;109:450-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00532-5
- Ingle L, Hobkirk J, Damy T, Nabb S, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Experiences of air travel in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2012;158:66-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.101
- Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1988;260:945-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410070073031
- Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, McAlister FA. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:659-72. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00010
- Liu P, Arnold M, Belenkie I, et al. The 2001 Canadian Cardiovascular Society consensus guideline update for the management and prevention of heart failure. Can J Cardiol 2001;17 Suppl E:5E-25E.
- McKelvie RS. Exercise training in patients with heart failure: clinical outcomes, safety, and indications. Heart Fail Rev 2008;13:3-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-007-9052-z
- Pina IL, Apstein CS, Balady GJ, et al. Exercise and heart failure: a statement from the American Heart Association Committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention. Circulation 2003;107:1210-25. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000055013.92097.40
- Austin J, Williams R, Ross L, Moseley L, Hutchison S. Randomised controlled trial of cardiac rehabilitation in elderly patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:411-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.10.004
- Austin J, Williams WR, Ross L, Hutchison S. Five-year follow-up findings from a randomized controlled trial of cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008;15:162-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f10e87
- McKelvie RS, Teo KK, McCartney N, Humen D, Montague T, Yusuf S. Effects of exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure: a critical review. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:789-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)00428-S
- Martin BJ, Hauer T, Arena R, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation attendance and outcomes in coronary artery disease patients. Circulation 2012;126:677-87. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066738
- Pack QR, Goel K, Lahr BD, et al. Participation in cardiac rehabilitation and survival after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a community-based study. Circulation 2013;128:590-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001365
- Davies EJ, Moxham T, Rees K, et al. Exercise training for systolic heart failure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:706-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq056
- O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1439-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.454
- Smart N, Marwick TH. Exercise training for patients with heart failure: a systematic review of factors that improve mortality and morbidity. Am J Med 2004;116:693-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.11.033
- Gwadry-Sridhar FH, Arnold JM, Zhang Y, Brown JE, Marchiori G, Guyatt G. Pilot study to determine the impact of a multidisciplinary educational intervention in patients hospitalized with heart failure. Am Heart J 2005;150:982.
- Riegel B, Moser DK, Anker SD, et al. State of the science: promoting self-care in persons with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009;120:1141-63. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192628
- Struthers AD, Anderson G, Donnan PT, MacDonald T. Social deprivation increases cardiac hospitalisations in chronic heart failure independent of disease severity and diuretic non-adherence. Heart 2000;83:12-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.1.12
- Boyd KJ, Murray SA, Kendall M, Worth A, Frederick Benton T, Clausen H. Living with advanced heart failure: a prospective, community based study of patients and their carers. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:585-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.11.018
- Martinez-Selles M, Garcia Robles JA, Munoz R, et al. Pharmacological treatment in patients with heart failure: patients knowledge and occurrence of polypharmacy, alternative medicine and immunizations. Eur J Heart Fail 2004;6:219-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.09.009
- Rogers AE, Addington-Hall JM, Abery AJ, et al. Knowledge and communication difficulties for patients with chronic heart failure: qualitative study. BMJ 2000;321:605-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7261.605
- Krumholz HM, Amatruda J, Smith GL, et al. Randomized trial of an education and support intervention to prevent readmission of patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:83-9.
- Naylor MD, Brooten D, Campbell R, et al. Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1999;281:613-20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.7.613
- Riegel B, Carlson B, Kopp Z, LePetri B, Glaser D, Unger A. Effect of a standardized nurse case-management telephone intervention on resource use in patients with chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:705-12. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.6.705
- Blue L, Lang E, McMurray JJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of specialist nurse intervention in heart failure. BMJ 2001;323:715-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7315.715
- Kasper EK, Gerstenblith G, Hefter G, et al. A randomized trial of the efficacy of multidisciplinary care in heart failure outpatients at high risk of hospital readmission. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:471-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01761-2
- Kornowski R, Zeeli D, Averbuch M, et al. Intensive home-care surveillance prevents hospitalization and improves morbidity rates among elderly patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1995;129:762-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(95)90327-5
- Rich MW, Vinson JM, Sperry JC, et al. Prevention of readmission in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: results of a prospective, randomized pilot study. J Gen Intern Med 1993;8:585-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02599709
- Stewart S, Marley JE, Horowitz JD. Effects of a multidisciplinary, home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and survival among patients with chronic congestive heart failure: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 1999;354:1077-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03428-5
- Stewart S, Vandenbroek AJ, Pearson S, Horowitz JD. Prolonged beneficial effects of a home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and mortality among patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:257-61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.3.257
- Anker SD, Koehler F, Abraham WT. Telemedicine and remote management of patients with heart failure. Lancet 2011;378:731-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61229-4
- Inglis SC, Clark RA, McAlister FA, Stewart S, Cleland JG. Which components of heart failure programmes are effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the outcomes of structured telephone support or telemonitoring as the primary component of chronic heart failure management in 8323 patients: Abridged Cochrane review. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:1028-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr039
- Lee SE, Cho HJ, Lee HY, et al. A multicentre cohort study of acute heart failure syndromes in Korea: rationale, design, and interim observations of the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:700-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.91
- Lewis RV, McMurray J, McDevitt DG. Effects of atenolol, verapamil, and xamoterol on heart rate and exercise tolerance in digitalised patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989;13:1-6.
- Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, Taylor J, Gemmell I, Cleland JG. Carvedilol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1944-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.020
- Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, et al. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2667-77. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708789
- Gentlesk PJ, Sauer WH, Gerstenfeld EP, et al. Reversal of left ventricular dysfunction following ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:9-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00653.x
- Nerheim P, Birger-Botkin S, Piracha L, Olshansky B. Heart failure and sudden death in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy and recurrent tachycardia. Circulation 2004;110:247-52. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000135472.28234.CC
- Piepoli M, Villani GQ, Ponikowski P, Wright A, Flather MD, Coats AJ. Overview and meta-analysis of randomised trials of amiodarone in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 1998;66:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00184-3
- Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Lancet 1997;350:1417-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05281-1
- Hsu LF, Jais P, Sanders P, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2373-83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041018
- Khan MN, Jais P, Cummings J, et al. Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1778-85. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708234
- MacDonald MR, Connelly DT, Hawkins NM, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with advanced heart failure and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomised controlled trial. Heart 2011;97:740-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.207340
- Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest 2010;137:263-72. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1584
- Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2369-429. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq278
- Cha MJ, Oh GC, Hahn S, Choi EK, Oh S. Thromboembolic risk evaluation in patients with atrial fibrillation using a modified CHADS(2) scoring system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23:155-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02181.x
- Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010;138:1093-100. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-0134
- Bart BA, Shaw LK, McCants CB Jr, et al. Clinical determinants of mortality in patients with angiographically diagnosed ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1002-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00235-0
- Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, et al. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1077-84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421502
- Follath F, Cleland JG, Klein W, Murphy R. Etiology and response to drug treatment in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1167-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00400-8
- Rossi JS, Flaherty JD, Fonarow GC, et al. Influence of coronary artery disease and coronary revascularization status on outcomes in patients with acute heart failure syndromes: a report from OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure). Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:1215-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.09.009
- Purek L, Laule-Kilian K, Christ A, et al. Coronary artery disease and outcome in acute congestive heart failure. Heart 2006;92:598-602. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.066464
- Flaherty JD, Bax JJ, De Luca L, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes in patients with coronary artery disease early assessment and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:254-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.072
- Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:847-54. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.8.847
- Uretsky BF, Thygesen K, Armstrong PW, et al. Acute coronary findings at autopsy in heart failure patients with sudden death: results from the assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival (ATLAS) trial. Circulation 2000;102:611-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.6.611
- Bulkley BH, Hutchins GM, Bailey I, Strauss HW, Pitt B. Thallium 201 imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scans in patients with ischemic and idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. A clinical and pathologic study. Circulation 1977;55:753-60. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.55.5.753
- Dunn RF, Uren RF, Sadick N, et al. Comparison of thallium-201 scanning in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and severe coronary artery disease. Circulation 1982;66:804-10. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.66.4.804
- Saltissi S, Hockings B, Croft DN, Webb-Peploe MM. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in patients with dilated and ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1981;46:290-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.46.3.290
- Tauberg SG, Orie JE, Bartlett BE, Cottington EM, Flores AR. Usefulness of thallium-201 for distinction of ischemic from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:674-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(93)91009-7
- Chikamori T, Doi YL, Yonezawa Y, Yamada M, Seo H, Ozawa T. Value of dipyridamole thallium-201 imaging in noninvasive differentiation of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy from coronary artery disease with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:650-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(92)90158-U
- Soman P, Lahiri A, Mieres JH, et al. Etiology and pathophysiology of new-onset heart failure: evaluation by myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2009;16:82-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-008-9010-8
- Eisenberg JD, Sobel BE, Geltman EM. Differentiation of ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy with positron emission tomography. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:1410-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90930-1
- Andreini D, Pontone G, Pepi M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:2044-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.086
- Ghostine S, Caussin C, Habis M, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of ischaemic heart failure using 64-slice computed tomography. Eur Heart J 2008;29:2133-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn072
- Bello D, Shah DJ, Farah GM, et al. Gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts reversible myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in patients with heart failure undergoing beta-blocker therapy. Circulation 2003;108:1945-53. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000095029.57483.60
- Soriano CJ, Ridocci F, Estornell J, Jimenez J, Martinez V, De Velasco JA. Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology, using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:743-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.037
- McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, et al. Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2003;108:54-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000078641.19365.4C
- Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, et al. Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13801-9
- Auerbach MA, Schoder H, Hoh C, et al. Prevalence of myocardial viability as detected by positron emission tomography in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1999;99:2921-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.22.2921
- Challapalli S, Hendel RC, Bonow RO. Clinical profile of patients with congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease: stunned/hibernating myocardium, ischemia, scar. Coron Artery Dis 1998;9:629-44. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019501-199809000-00003
- Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1151-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01726-6
- Bonow RO. Myocardial viability and prognosis in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1159-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01732-1
- Panza JA, Holly TA, Asch FM, et al. Inducible myocardial ischemia and outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1860-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.014
- Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1607-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356
- Min JY, Min KB, Seo S, et al. Direct medical costs of hypertension and associated co-morbidities in South Korea. Int J Cardiol 2014;176:487-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.074
- Izzo JL Jr, Gradman AH. Mechanisms and management of hypertensive heart disease: from left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:1257-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.06.002
- Baker DW. Prevention of heart failure. J Card Fail 2002;8:333-46. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcaf.2002.0805333
- Bae BS, Kim KJ, Park JG, et al. Improvement in left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony in hypertensive patients after treatment of hypertension. Korean Circ J 2011;41:16-22. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2011.41.1.16
- Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003;115:41-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00158-X
- Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Wouters S. Regression of left ventricular mass by antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized comparative studies. Hypertension 2009;54:1084-91. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.136655
- Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:S1-290.
- Arauz-Pacheco C, Parrott MA, Raskin PAmerican Diabetes Association. Hypertension management in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S65-7. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S65
- Aguilar D, Bozkurt B, Ramasubbu K, Deswal A. Relationship of hemoglobin A1C and mortality in heart failure patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:422-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.049
- American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2012. Diabetes Care 2012;35 Suppl 1:S11-63. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-s011
- Nasir S, Aguilar D. Congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus: balancing glycemic control with heart failure improvement. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:50B-57B. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.031
- Vermes E, Ducharme A, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 2003;107:1291-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000054611.89228.92
- Ryden L, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose lisinopril in chronic heart failure patients at high cardiovascular risk, including those with diabetes mellitus. Results from the ATLAS trial. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1967-78. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2000.2311
- NAVIGATOR Study GroupMcMurray JJ, Holman RR, et al. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1477-90. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001121
- Haas SJ, Vos T, Gilbert RE, Krum H. Are beta-blockers as efficacious in patients with diabetes mellitus as in patients without diabetes mellitus who have chronic heart failure? A meta-analysis of large-scale clinical trials. Am Heart J 2003;146:848-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00403-4
- Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC, et al. Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the management of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1529-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00262-6
- Deedwania PC, Giles TD, Klibaner M, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of metoprolol CR/XL in patients with diabetes and chronic heart failure: experiences from MERIT-HF. Am Heart J 2005;149:159-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.05.056
- Larkin RJ, Atlas SA, Donohue TJ. Spironolactone in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2000;342:132-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200001133420213
- Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF, et al. Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review. BMJ 2007;335:497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39314.620174.80
- Aguilar D, Chan W, Bozkurt B, Ramasubbu K, Deswal A. Metformin use and mortality in ambulatory patients with diabetes and heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:53-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.952556
- MacDonald MR, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and outcomes in patients with heart failure: a nested case-control study from the U.K. General Practice Research Database. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1213-8. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-2227
- DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial InvestigatorsGerstein HC, Yusuf S, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1096-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69420-8
- Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes--an interim analysis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:28-38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa073394
- Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013;128:1810-52. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8807
- Smith GL, Lichtman JH, Bracken MB, et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1987-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.084
- Bock JS, Gottlieb SS. Cardiorenal syndrome: new perspectives. Circulation 2010;121:2592-600. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886473
- Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:675-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.073
- Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2296-304. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1210357
- Kazory A, Ross EA. Contemporary trends in the pharmacological and extracorporeal management of heart failure: a nephrologic perspective. Circulation 2008;117:975-83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742270
- Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet 1993;342:821-8.
- Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199512213332503
- Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-77. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199209033271001
- Bowling CB, Sanders PW, Allman RM, et al. Effects of enalapril in systolic heart failure patients with and without chronic kidney disease: insights from the SOLVD Treatment trial. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:151-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.056
- Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, et al. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:501-6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.04.031
- Takahashi A, Takase H, Toriyama T, et al. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis--a randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:2507-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfl293
- Erdmann E, Lechat P, Verkenne P, Wiemann H. Results from post-hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2001;3:469-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00174-X
- Ghali JK, Wikstrand J, Van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. The influence of renal function on clinical outcome and response to beta-blockade in systolic heart failure: insights from Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Chronic HF (MERIT-HF). J Card Fail 2009;15:310-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.11.003
- Wali RK, Iyengar M, Beck GJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in treatment of heart failure with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:18-26. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.932558
- Cice G, Ferrara L, D'Andrea A, et al. Carvedilol increases two-year survivalin dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1438-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00241-9
- Lee HM, Truong ST, Wong ND. Evidence of lung function for stratification of cardiovascular disease risk. Korean Circ J 2011;41:171-4. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2011.41.4.171
- Arnaudis B, Lairez O, Escamilla R, et al. Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity on symptoms and prognosis in patients with systolic heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2012;101:717-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-012-0450-4
-
Stefan MS, Rothberg MB, Priya A, Pekow PS, Au DH, Lindenauer PK. Association between
${\beta}$ -blocker therapy and outcomes in patients hospitalised with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease with underlying ischaemic heart disease, heart failure or hypertension. Thorax 2012;67:977-84. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201945 - Hawkins NM, MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, et al. Bisoprolol in patients with heart failure and moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:684-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp066
- Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD003566.
- Sengstock DM, Obeidat O, Pasnoori V, Mehra P, Sandberg KR, McCullough PA. Asthma, beta-agonists, and development of congestive heart failure: results of the ABCHF study. J Card Fail 2002;8:232-8. https://doi.org/10.1054/jcaf.2002.127771
- Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of digoxin and xamoterol in chronic heart failure. The German and Austrian Xamoterol Study Group. Lancet 1988;1:489-93.
- Ng TM, Munger MA, Lombardi WL, et al. Chronically inhaled salmeterol improves pulmonary function in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002;40:140-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200207000-00017
- Au DH, Udris EM, Curtis JR, McDonell MB, Fihn SDACQUIP Investigators. Association between chronic heart failure and inhaled beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists. Am Heart J 2004;148:915-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.03.048
- Tang YD, Katz SD. Anemia in chronic heart failure: prevalence, etiology, clinical correlates, and treatment options. Circulation 2006;113:2454-61. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583666
- Go AS, Yang J, Ackerson LM, et al. Hemoglobin level, chronic kidney disease, and the risks of death and hospitalization in adults with chronic heart failure: the Anemia in Chronic Heart Failure: Outcomes and Resource Utilization (ANCHOR) Study. Circulation 2006;113:2713-23. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.577577
- Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA, Armstrong PW. Anemia is common in heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes: insights from a cohort of 12 065 patients with new-onset heart failure. Circulation 2003;107:223-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000052622.51963.FC
- Sharma R, Francis DP, Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ, Anker SD. Haemoglobin predicts survival in patients with chronic heart failure: a substudy of the ELITE II trial. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1021-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.04.023
- von Haehling S, van Veldhuisen DJ, Roughton M, et al. Anaemia among patients with heart failure and preserved or reduced ejection fraction: results from the SENIORS study. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:656-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr044
- Kalra PR, Bolger AP, Francis DP, et al. Effect of anemia on exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure in men. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:888-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00030-4
- O'Meara E, Clayton T, McEntegart MB, et al. Clinical correlates and consequences of anemia in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure: results of the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) Program. Circulation 2006;113:986-94. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.582577
- Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, et al. The use of subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron for the treatment of the anemia of severe, resistant congestive heart failure improves cardiac and renal function and functional cardiac class, and markedly reduces hospitalizations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1737-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00613-6
- Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Sheps D, et al. The effect of correction of mild anemia in severe, resistant congestive heart failure using subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron: a randomized controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1775-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01248-7
- Mancini DM, Katz SD, Lang CC, LaManca J, Hudaihed A, Androne AS. Effect of erythropoietin on exercise capacity in patients with moderate to severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 2003;107:294-9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000044914.42696.6A
- Palazzuoli A, Silverberg D, Iovine F, et al. Erythropoietin improves anemia exercise tolerance and renal function and reduces B-type natriuretic peptide and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and anemia. Am Heart J 2006;152:1096.e9-15.
- Parissis JT, Kourea K, Panou F, et al. Effects of darbepoetin alpha on right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in anemic patients with chronic heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2008;155:751.e1-7.
- van Veldhuisen DJ, Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of two dosing regimens of darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anaemia. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2208-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm328
- Ghali JK, Anand IS, Abraham WT, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of darbepoetin alfa in patients with symptomatic heart failure and anemia. Circulation 2008;117:526-35. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698514
- Desai A, Lewis E, Solomon S, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer M. Impact of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure: an updated, post-TREAT meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:936-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq094
- Jin B, Luo X, Lin H, Li J, Shi H. A meta-analysis of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in anaemic patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:249-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp182
- Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, et al. Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1210-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214865
- Bolger AP, Bartlett FR, Penston HS, et al. Intravenous iron alone for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1225-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.015
- Toblli JE, Lombrana A, Duarte P, Di Gennaro F. Intravenous iron reduces NT-pro-brain natriuretic peptide in anemic patients with chronic heart failure and renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1657-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.029
- Okonko DO, Grzeslo A, Witkowski T, et al. Effect of intravenous iron sucrose on exercise tolerance in anemic and nonanemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency FERRIC-HF: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:103-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.036
- Usmanov RI, Zueva EB, Silverberg DS, Shaked M. Intravenous iron without erythropoietin for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure and chronic kidney insufficiency. J Nephrol 2008;21:236-42.
- Comin-Colet J, Ruiz S, Cladellas M, Rizzo M, Torres A, Bruguera J. A pilot evaluation of the long-term effect of combined therapy with intravenous iron sucrose and erythropoietin in elderly patients with advanced chronic heart failure and cardio-renal anemia syndrome: influence on neurohormonal activation and clinical outcomes. J Card Fail 2009;15:727-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.05.010
- Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2436-48. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908355
- York KM, Hassan M, Sheps DS. Psychobiology of depression/distress in congestive heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2009;14:35-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-008-9091-0
- Holzapfel N, Lowe B, Wild B, et al. Self-care and depression in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Lung 2009;38:392-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2008.11.001
- Jiang W, Krishnan R, Kuchibhatla M, et al. Characteristics of depression remission and its relation with cardiovascular outcome among patients with chronic heart failure (from the SADHART-CHF Study). Am J Cardiol 2011;107:545-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.10.013
- Bekelman DB, Havranek EP, Becker DM, et al. Symptoms, depression, and quality of life in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail 2007;13:643-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.05.005
- Freedland KE, Rich MW, Skala JA, Carney RM, Davila-Roman VG, Jaffe AS. Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Psychosom Med 2003;65:119-28. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000038938.67401.85
- Moser DK, Dracup K, Evangelista LS, et al. Comparison of prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hostility in elderly patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, and a coronary artery bypass graft. Heart Lung 2010;39:378-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.10.017
- O'Connor CM, Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, et al. Safety and efficacy of sertraline for depression in patients with heart failure: results of the SADHART-CHF (Sertraline Against Depression and Heart Disease in Chronic Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:692-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.068
- Krumholz HM, Merrill AR, Schone EM, et al. Patterns of hospital performance in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure 30-day mortality and readmission. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009;2:407-13. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.883256
- Bernheim SM, Grady JN, Lin Z, et al. National patterns of risk-standardized mortality and readmission for acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Update on publicly reported outcomes measures based on the 2010 release. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3:459-67. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.957613
- Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, et al. Sleepiness and sleep in patients with both systolic heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1716-22. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.16.1716
- Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K, et al. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1233-41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022479
- MacDonald M, Fang J, Pittman SD, White DP, Malhotra A. The current prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in congestive heart failure patients treated with beta-blockers. J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4:38-42.
- Bitter T, Faber L, Hering D, Langer C, Horstkotte D, Oldenburg O. Sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:602-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp057
- McKelvie RS, Moe GW, Cheung A, et al. The 2011 Canadian Cardiovascular Society heart failure management guidelines update: focus on sleep apnea, renal dysfunction, mechanical circulatory support, and palliative care. Can J Cardiol 2011;27:319-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2011.03.011
- Ruttanaumpawan P, Logan AG, Floras JS, Bradley TDCANPAP Investigators. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on sleep structure in heart failure patients with central sleep apnea. Sleep 2009;32:91-8. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep/32.1.91
- Arzt M, Floras JS, Logan AG, et al. Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANPAP). Circulation 2007;115:3173-80. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683482
- Bradley TD, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2025-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa051001
- Mansfield DR, Gollogly NC, Kaye DM, Richardson M, Bergin P, Naughton MT. Controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:361-6. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200306-752OC
- Usui K, Bradley TD, Spaak J, et al. Inhibition of awake sympathetic nerve activity of heart failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea by nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:2008-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.080
- Eschenhagen T, Force T, Ewer MS, et al. Cardiovascular side effects of cancer therapies: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq213
- Suter TM, Procter M, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Trastuzumab-associated cardiac adverse effects in the herceptin adjuvant trial. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3859-65. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.09.1611
- Albini A, Pennesi G, Donatelli F, Cammarota R, De Flora S, Noonan DM. Cardiotoxicity of anticancer drugs: the need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:14-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp440
- Belham M, Kruger A, Mepham S, Faganello G, Pritchard C. Monitoring left ventricular function in adults receiving anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:409-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.09.007
- Cardinale D, Colombo A, Sandri MT, et al. Prevention of high-dose chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in high-risk patients by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Circulation 2006;114:2474-81. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.635144
- Ewer MS, Vooletich MT, Durand JB, et al. Reversibility of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: new insights based on clinical course and response to medical treatment. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7820-6. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.13.300
- Kalay N, Basar E, Ozdogru I, et al. Protective effects of carvedilol against anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2258-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.052
- Mackey JR, Clemons M, Cote MA, et al. Cardiac management during adjuvant trastuzumab therapy: recommendations of the Canadian Trastuzumab Working Group. Curr Oncol 2008;15:24-35. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.2008.199
- Telli ML, Hunt SA, Carlson RW, Guardino AE. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3525-33. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.11.0106
- Yeh ET, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:2231-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.050
- van Dalen EC, Caron HN, Dickinson HO, Kremer LC. Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD003917.
- Jones AL, Barlow M, Barrett-Lee PJ, et al. Management of cardiac health in trastuzumab-treated patients with breast cancer: updated United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute recommendations for monitoring. Br J Cancer 2009;100:684-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604909
- Hensley ML, Hagerty KL, Kewalramani T, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:127-45. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.17.2627
- European Society of Gynecology (ESG) , Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC) , German Society for Gender Medicine (DGesGM) , et al. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32:3147-97. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr218
- Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199612263352601
- Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013474
- Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225-37. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043399
- Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2481-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041489
- Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Seidl K, et al. Defibrillator implantation early after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1427-36. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0901889
- Mishkin JD, Saxonhouse SJ, Woo GW, et al. Appropriate evaluation and treatment of heart failure patients after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge: time to go beyond the initial shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1993-2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.039
- Sears SF, Hauf JD, Kirian K, Hazelton G, Conti JB. Posttraumatic stress and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patient: what the electrophysiologist needs to know. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011;4:242-50. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.110.957670
- Larsen GK, Evans J, Lambert WE, Chen Y, Raitt MH. Shocks burden and increased mortality in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1881-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.07.036
- van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, de Bie MK, et al. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks: incidence, predictors, and impact on mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:556-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.059
- Setoguchi S, Nohria A, Rassen JA, Stevenson LW, Schneeweiss S. Maximum potential benefit of implantable defibrillators in preventing sudden death after hospital admission because of heart failure. CMAJ 2009;180:611-6. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080769
- Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1845-53. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013168
- Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2140-50. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032423
- Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-49. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050496
- Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329-38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0906431
- Brignole M, Botto G, Mont L, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2420-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr162
- Upadhyay GA, Choudhry NK, Auricchio A, Ruskin J, Singh JP. Cardiac resynchronization in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1239-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.043
- Miller LW, Pagani FD, Russell SD, et al. Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 2007;357:885-96. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa067758
- Pagani FD, Miller LW, Russell SD, et al. Extended mechanical circulatory support with a continuous-flow rotary left ventricular assist device. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:312-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.055
- Elhenawy AM, Algarni KD, Rodger M, et al. Mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplant candidacy. J Card Surg 2011;26:542-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01310.x
- Starling RC, Naka Y, Boyle AJ, et al. Results of the post-U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approval study with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device as a bridge to heart transplantation: a prospective study using the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1890-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.062
- Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1435-43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012175
- Rogers JG, Butler J, Lansman SL, et al. Chronic mechanical circulatory support for inotrope-dependent heart failure patients who are not transplant candidates: results of the INTrEPID Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:741-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.063
- Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, et al. Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2241-51. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909938
- Chareonthaitawee P, Gersh BJ, Araoz PA, Gibbons RJ. Revascularization in severe left ventricular dysfunction: the role of viability testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:567-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.072
- Ellis SG, Cowley MJ, DiSciascio G, et al. Determinants of 2-year outcome after coronary angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease on the basis of comprehensive preprocedural evaluation. Implications for patient selection. The Multivessel Angioplasty Prognosis Study Group. Circulation 1991;83:1905-14. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.6.1905
- Weintraub WS, Jones EL, King SB 3rd, et al. Changing use of coronary angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery in the treatment of chronic coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:183-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)90082-C
- Bell MR, Gersh BJ, Schaff HV, et al. Effect of completeness of revascularization on long-term outcome of patients with three-vessel disease undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Circulation 1992;86:446-57. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.86.2.446
- Jones RH, Velazquez EJ, Michler RE, et al. Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1705-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900559
- Myers WO, Schaff HV, Gersh BJ, et al. Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease and severe angina pectoris. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;97:487-95.
- Doenst T, Velazquez EJ, Beyersdorf F, et al. To STICH or not to STICH: we know the answer, but do we understand the question? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:246-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.07.060
- Mickleborough LL, Merchant N, Ivanov J, Rao V, Carson S. Left ventricular reconstruction: early and late results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.08.013
- Dor V, Di Donato M, Sabatier M, Montiglio F, Civaia F, RESTORE Group . Left ventricular reconstruction by endoventricular circular patch plasty repair: a 17-year experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;13:435-47. https://doi.org/10.1053/stcs.2001.29966
- Dor V, Saab M, Coste P, Sabatier M, Montiglio F. Endoventricular patch plasties with septal exclusion for repair of ischemic left ventricle: technique, results and indications from a series of 781 cases. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;46:389-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03217761
- Di Donato M, Sabatier M, Dor V, et al. Effects of the Dor procedure on left ventricular dimension and shape and geometric correlates of mitral regurgitation one year after surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:91-6. https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2001.111379
- Barnard CN. The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. S Afr Med J 1967;41:1271-4.
- Stehlik J, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-eighth adult heart transplant report--2011. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:1078-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2011.08.003
- Jung SH, Kim JJ, Choo SJ, Yun TJ, Chung CH, Lee JW. Long-term mortality in adult orthotopic heart transplant recipients. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26:599-603. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2011.26.5.599
- Hess R. Sicherung der transplantationsmedizin. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2014;109:403-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-014-0368-x
- Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, et al. Third INTERMACS Annual Report: the evolution of destination therapy in the United States. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:115-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.12.001
- Garbade J, Barten MJ, Bittner HB, Mohr FW. Heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device therapy: two comparable options in end-stage heart failure? Clin Cardiol 2013;36:378-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22124
- Grady KL, Jalowiec A, White-Williams C. Improvement in quality of life in patients with heart failure who undergo transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996;15:749-57.
- Grady KL, Jalowiec A, White-Williams C. Predictors of quality of life in patients at one year after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999;18:202-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-2498(98)00048-5
- Grady KL, Naftel DC, Young JB, et al. Patterns and predictors of physical functional disability at 5 to 10 years after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:1182-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2007.08.001
- Habedank D, Ewert R, Hummel M, Wensel R, Hetzer R, Anker SD. Changes in exercise capacity, ventilation, and body weight following heart transplantation. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:310-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.07.001
- Kobashigawa JA, Leaf DA, Lee N, et al. A controlled trial of exercise rehabilitation after heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:272-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901283400404
- Mancini D, Lietz K. Selection of cardiac transplantation candidates in 2010. Circulation 2010;122:173-83. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.858076
- Deng MC, De Meester JM, Smits JM, et al. Effect of receiving a heart transplant: analysis of a national cohort entered on to a waiting list, stratified by heart failure severity. Comparative Outcome and Clinical Profiles in Transplantation (COCPIT) Study Group. BMJ 2000;321:540-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7260.540
- Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, Mull R, Edmunds LH Jr, Wilson JR. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991;83:778-86. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.83.3.778
- Strauer BE, Yousef M, Schannwell CM. The acute and long-term effects of intracoronary Stem cell Transplantation in 191 patients with chronic heARt failure: the STAR-heart study. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:721-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq095
- Hu S, Liu S, Zheng Z, et al. Isolated coronary artery bypass graft combined with bone marrow mononuclear cells delivered through a graft vessel for patients with previous myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure: a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:2409-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.037
- Bartunek J, Behfar A, Dolatabadi D, et al. Cardiopoietic stem cell therapy in heart failure: the C-CURE (Cardiopoietic stem Cell therapy in heart failURE) multicenter randomized trial with lineage-specified biologics. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:2329-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.071
- Fisher SA, Brunskill SJ, Doree C, Mathur A, Taggart DP, Martin-Rendon E. Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD007888.
- Kang HJ, Kim HS, Koo BK, et al. Intracoronary infusion of the mobilized peripheral blood stem cell by G-CSF is better than mobilization alone by G-CSF for improvement of cardiac function and remodeling: 2-year follow-up results of the Myocardial Regeneration and Angiogenesis in Myocardial Infarction with G-CSF and Intra-Coronary Stem Cell Infusion (MAGIC Cell) 1 trial. Am Heart J 2007;153:237.e1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.11.004
- Assmus B, Fischer-Rasokat U, Honold J, et al. Transcoronary transplantation of functionally competent BMCs is associated with a decrease in natriuretic peptide serum levels and improved survival of patients with chronic postinfarction heart failure: results of the TOPCARE-CHD Registry. Circ Res 2007;100:1234-41. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000264508.47717.6b
- Perin EC, Willerson JT, Pepine CJ, et al. Effect of transendocardial delivery of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells on functional capacity, left ventricular function, and perfusion in chronic heart failure: the FOCUS-CCTRN trial. JAMA 2012;307:1717-26.
- Behfar A, Crespo-Diaz R, Terzic A, Gersh BJ. Cell therapy for cardiac repair--lessons from clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014;11:232-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.9
Cited by
- 2018 Korean Heart Rhythm Society Guidelines for The Rate Control of Atrial Fibrillation vol.93, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2018.93.2.133
- 2018 KHRS Guidelines for Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias - Part3 vol.19, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.18501/arrhythmia.2018.008
- Health Literacy but Not Frailty Predict Self-Care Behaviors in Patients with Heart Failure vol.15, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112474
- Gender Differences in the Impact of Cognitive Function on Health Literacy among Older Adults with Heart Failure vol.15, pp.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122711
- Knowledge Structure of Nursing Studies on Heart Failure Patients in South Korea through Text Network Analysis vol.32, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2020.32.4.409
- Chronic heart failure: syndrome or disease? vol.19, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2020-1-134-139
- Gender differences in the impact of health literacy on hospital readmission among older heart failure patients: A prospective cohort study vol.76, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14328
- Artificial intelligence for the diagnosis of heart failure vol.3, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0261-3
- Prognostic Value of Leg Muscle Strength in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome vol.53, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002432
- Comparative effectiveness of exercise training program in patients with heart failure: protocol for a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and network meta-analysis vol.11, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043160
- Sodium-glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors: a New Path for Heart Failure Treatment vol.51, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2021.0070
- Prognostic impact of chromogranin A in patients with acute heart failure vol.38, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2020.00843