Paradoxical Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis-a Tough Nut to Crack in Echocardiographic Diagnosis

References

1. Abudiab MM, Pandit A,Chaliki HP. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of paradoxical low flow, low gradient severe aortic stenosis. Korean Circ J 2017;47:82-8. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.0126
2. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129:2440-92. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000029
3. Clavel MA, Magne J, Pibarot P. Low-gradient aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2645-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw096
4. Messika-Zeitoun D, Serfaty JM, Brochet E, et al. Multimodal assessment of the aortic annulus diameter: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:186-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.063
5. Clavel MA, Malouf J, Messika-Zeitoun D, Araoz PA, Michelena HI, Enriquez-Sarano M. Aortic valve area calculation in aortic stenosis by CT and Doppler echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:248-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.01.009
6. Clavel MA, Ennezat PV, Marechaux S, et al. Stress echocardiography to assess stenosis severity and predict outcome in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis and preserved LVEF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:175-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.10.015