Applied Microscopy

Korean Society of Microscopy (한국현미경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effective Passivation of Black Phosphorus under Ambient Conditions

  • Yoon, Jongchan (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)) ;
  • Lee, Zonghoon (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST))
  • Received : 2017.08.31
  • Accepted : 2017.09.10
  • Published : 2017.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been studied widely owing to their outstanding properties since monolayer graphene was isolated in 2004. Especially, among 2D materials, phosphorene, a single atomic layer of black phosphorus (BP), has been highlighted for its electrical properties. This material can serve as a substitute for graphene, which has been revealed as a "semi-metal", in next-generation semiconductors. However, few-layer BP is prone to degradation under ambient conditions owing to its reactivity with oxygen and water, which results in the condensation of water droplets on the surface of the BP flakes. This causes charge transfer from the phosphorus atom to oxygen, resulting in the formation of phosphoric acid (oxide) and degrades the various properties of BP. Therefore, it is necessary to find passivation methods to prevent BP flakes from being degraded under ambient conditions. This review article deals with recent studies on passivation methods for BP and their performance against oxygen and water, effects on the electrical properties of BP, and the extent to how they protect BP.

Keywords

References

  1. Doganov R A, O'Farrell E C T, Koenig S P, Yeo Y T, Ziletti A, Carvalho A, Campbell D K, Coker D F, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Neto A H C, and Ozyilmaz B (2015) Transport properties of pristine fewlayer black phosphorus by van der Waals passivation in an inert atmosphere. Nat. Commun. 6, 6647. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7647
  2. Du H W, Lin X, Xu Z M, and Chu D W (2015) Recent developments in black phosphorus transistors. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 8760-8775. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC01484K
  3. Favron A, Gaufres E, Fossard F, Phaneuf-L'Heureux A L, Tang N Y W, Levesque P L, Loiseau A, Leonelli R, Francoeur S, and Martel R (2015) Photooxidation and quantum confinement effects in exfoliated black phosphorus. Nat. Mater. 14, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4299
  4. Geim A K and Novoselov K S (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
  5. Kim J, Baik S S, Ryu S H, Sohn Y, Park S, Park B G, Denlinger J, Yi Y, Choi H J, and Kim K S (2015) Observation of tunable band gap and anisotropic Dirac semimetal state in black phosphorus. Science 349, 723-726. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa6486
  6. Lee S Y, Duong D L, Vu Q A, Jin Y, Kim P, and Lee Y H (2015) Chemically modulated band gap in bilayer graphene memory transistors with high on/off ratio. Acs Nano. 9, 9034-9042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03130
  7. Liu X L, Wood J D, Chen K S, Cho E, and Hersam M C (2015) In situ thermal decomposition of exfoliated two-dimensional black phosphorus. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 773-778. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00043
  8. Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Katsnelson M I, Grigorieva I V, Dubonos S V, and Firsov A A (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438, 197-200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04233
  9. Piao Y M, Meany B, Powell L R, Valley N, Kwon H, Schatz G C, and Wang Y H (2013) Brightening of carbon nanotube photoluminescence through the incorporation of sp(3) defects. Nat. Chem. 5, 840-845. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1711
  10. Ritala M, Kukli K, Rahtu A, Raisanen P I, Leskela M, Sajavaara T, and Keinonen J (2000) Atomic layer deposition of oxide thin films with metal alkoxides as oxygen sources. Science 288, 319-321. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5464.319
  11. Ryder C R, Wood J D, Wells S A, Yang Y, Jariwala D, Marks T J, Schatz G C, and Hersam M C (2016) Covalent functionalization and passivation of exfoliated black phosphorus via aryl diazonium chemistry. Nat. Chem. 8, 597-602. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2505
  12. Seo S, Lee H U, Lee S C, Kim Y, Kim H, Bang J, Won J, Kim Y, Park B, and Lee J (2016) Triangular black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid exfoliation. Sci. Rep. 6, 23736. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23736
  13. Sugai S and Shirotani I (1985) Raman and infrared reflection spectroscopy in black phosphorus. Solid State Commun. 53, 753-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(85)90213-3
  14. Tan J Y, Avsar A, Balakrishnan J, Koon G K W, Taychatanapat T, O'Farrell E C T, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Eda G, Neto A H C, and Ozyilmaz B (2014) Electronic transport in graphene-based heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 183504. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4872178
  15. Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, and Kanda H (2004) Direct-bandgap properties and evidence for ultraviolet lasing of hexagonal boron nitride single crystal. Nat. Mater. 3, 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1134
  16. Wood J D, Wells S A, Jariwala D, Chen K S, Cho E, Sangwan V K, Liu X L, Lauhon L J, Marks T J, and Hersam M C (2014) Effective passivation of exfoliated black phosphorus transistors against ambient degradation. Nano Lett. 14, 6964-6970. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5032293