Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry (생물정신의학)

The Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry (대한생물정신의학회)
권호 표지

Clinical Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Depression and Latest Trends in TMS Techniques

반복 경두개자기자극술의 우울증 치료효과 및 최신동향에 대한 고찰

  • Kim, Shin Tae (Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Hae Won (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Se Joo (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kang, Jee In (Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
  • 김신태 (연세대학교 의과대학) ;
  • 김혜원 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 김세주 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 강지인 (연세대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실)
  • Received : 2017.06.01
  • Accepted : 2017.06.15
  • Published : 2017.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique which can change cortical excitability in targeted area by producing magnetic field pulses with an electromagnetic coil. rTMS treatment has been used to treat various neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. In this review, we evaluate the literature on rTMS for depression by assessing its efficacy on different subtypes of depression and different technical parameters. In particular, we focus on the results of randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses for depression after the US Food and Drug Administration approval in 2008, which acknowledged its efficacy and acceptability. We also review the new forms of rTMS therapy including deep TMS, theta-burst stimulation, and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) that have been under recent investigation. High frequency rTMS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), low frequency rTMS over right DLPFC, or bilateral rTMS is shown to be effective and acceptable in treatment for patients with non-psychotic, unipolar depression either as monotherapy or adjuvant. Deep TMS, theta-burst stimulation and MST are promising new TMS techniques which warrant further research.

본 종설에서는 우울증에서의 rTMS 임상연구를 임상특성과 TMS 적용방법을 고려하여 체계적으로 고찰하였으며 새로운 TMS 치료기법에 대해 살펴보았다. rTMS는 항우울제에 반응이 적은 단극성 우울증 환자의 치료에 병용 혹은 단독요법으로 사용될 수 있는 안전하고 비침습적인 뇌조절술이다. rTMS는 고빈도 좌측 DLPFC, 저빈도 우측 DLPFC, 그리고 양측성 DLPFC 적용방법이 비슷한 수준으로 허위자극에 비해 유의하게 항우울효과를 가지고 있다. 그러나 치료저항성 단극성 우울증에 대한 항우울효과 크기는 작았다. 또한 정신병적 증상이 동반된 우울증의 치료와 양극성 장애의 우울삽화에 대해서는 치료효과가 불분명하다. 기존 rTMS의 항우울효과 크기는 작은 정도로 그 효과를 증진시키기 위해 고용량의 자극, 보다 깊이 자극할 수 있는 코일을 이용한 rTMS 치료, 표적영역에 보다 정확하게 코일을 위치시키는 신경항법 등을 이용한 TMS 적용 등의 새로운 시도들이 진행되고 있다. 또한 세타돌발자극과 자기경련치료와 같은 새로운 치료기법을 이용한 시도가 우울증 치료의 새로운 장을 열고 있다. 비록 현재까지 rTMS의 항우울효과가 만족할 만한 수준은 아니지만 임상양상을 세분화한 치료적용과 개선된 치료기법의 적용 등을 통해 더 많은 후속 연구가 이루어질 필요가 있다. 또한 여러 형태의 TMS 기법에 대해 잘 설계된 허위자극에 대한 통제연구뿐만 아니라 서로의 비교연구를 통해 우울증 치료에서의 근거수준을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Keywords

References

  1. George MS, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:300-311. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.4.300
  2. George MS, Taylor JJ, Short EB. The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2013;26:13-18. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835ab46d
  3. McNamara B, Ray JL, Arthurs OJ, Boniface S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2001;31:1141-1146.
  4. Slotema CW, Blom JD, Hoek HW, Sommer IE. Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71: 873-884. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre
  5. Poleszczyk A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of various psychiatric disorders-review of the most prominent studies and the latest news. Psychiatr Pol 2015;49:779-789. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/27018
  6. Lefaucheur JP, Andre-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache SS, Baeken C, Benninger DH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol 2014;125:2150-2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021
  7. Mathew SJ. Treatment-resistant depression: recent developments and future directions. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:989-992. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20540
  8. Perera T, George MS, Grammer G, Janicak PG, Pascual-Leone A, Wirecki TS. The clinical TMS society consensus review and treatment recommendations for TMS therapy for major depressive disorder. Brain Stimul 2016;9:336-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.03.010
  9. Lepping P, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C, Sambhi RS, Lanka SV, Lane S, Whittington R, et al. A systematic review of the clinical relevance of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:326-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12276
  10. Berlim MT, van den Eynde F, Tovar-Perdomo S, Daskalakis ZJ. Response, remission and drop-out rates following high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Psychol Med 2014;44:225-239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000512
  11. Herrmann LL, Ebmeier KP. Factors modifying the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1870-1876. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n1206
  12. Couturier JL. Efficacy of rapid-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2005;30:83-90.
  13. Mosimann UP, Schmitt W, Greenberg BD, Kosel M, Muri RM, Berkhoff M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a putative add-on treatment for major depression in elderly patients. Psychiatry Res 2004;126:123-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2003.10.006
  14. Janicak PG, Dokucu ME. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of major depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11: 1549-1560.
  15. Lisanby SH, Husain MM, Rosenquist PB, Maixner D, Gutierrez R, Krystal A, et al. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:522-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.118
  16. George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D, McDonald WM, Durkalski V, Pavlicova M, et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:507-516. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46
  17. Choi KM, Jang KM, Jang KI, Um YH, Kim MS, Kim DW, et al. The effects of 3 weeks of rTMS treatment on P200 amplitude in patients with depression. Neurosci Lett 2014;577:22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.003
  18. Kang JI, Lee H, Jhung K, Kim KR, An SK, Yoon KJ, et al. Frontostriatal connectivity changes in major depressive disorder after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a randomized shamcontrolled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2016;77:e1137-e1143.
  19. Bermpohl F, Fregni F, Boggio PS, Thut G, Northoff G, Otachi PT, et al. Effect of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on an affective go/no-go task in patients with major depression: role of stimulation site and depression severity. Psychiatry Res 2006;141:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.018
  20. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Jeff Daskalakis Z. Clinically meaningful efficacy and acceptability of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating primary major depression: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and shamcontrolled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38:543-551. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.237
  21. Brunelin J, Jalenques I, Trojak B, Attal J, Szekely D, Gay A, et al. The efficacy and safety of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: the results from a large multicenter French RCT. Brain Stimul 2014;7:855-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.040
  22. Peterson K, McCleery E, Waldrip K. VA Evidence-based synthesis program reports evidence brief: factors that optimize therapy with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. VA evidence-based synthesis program evidence briefs. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2011.
  23. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and acceptability of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression. Psychol Med 2013;43:2245-2254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712002802
  24. Brunoni AR, Chaimani A, Moffa AH, Razza LB, Gattaz WF, Daskalakis ZJ, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2017;74:143-152. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3644
  25. Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160: 835-845. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.835
  26. Health Quality Ontario. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 2016;16:1-66.
  27. Dunjic-Kostic B, Ivkovic M, Radonjic NV, Petronijevic ND, Pantovic M, Damjanovic A, et al. Melancholic and atypical major depression--connection between cytokines, psychopathology and treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;43:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.009
  28. Baeken C, De Raedt R, Santermans L, Zeeuws D, Vanderhasselt MA, Meers M, et al. HF-rTMS treatment decreases psychomotor retardation in medication-resistant melancholic depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:684-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.021
  29. Baeken C, Desmyter S, Duprat R, De Raedt R, Van Denabbeele D, Tandt H, et al. Self-directedness: an indicator for clinical response to the HF-rTMS treatment in refractory melancholic depression. Psychiatry Res 2014;220:269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.084
  30. Bosaipo NB, Foss MP, Young AH, Juruena MF. Neuropsychological changes in melancholic and atypical depression: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017;73:309-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.014
  31. Veronezi BP, Moffa AH, Carvalho AF, Galhardoni R, Simis M, Bensenor IM, et al. Evidence for increased motor cortical facilitation and decreased inhibition in atypical depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016;134:172-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12565
  32. Hizli Sayar G, Ozten E, Tan O, Tarhan N. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression in elderly patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013;9:501-504.
  33. Pallanti S, Cantisani A, Grassi G, Antonini S, Cecchelli C, Burian J, et al. rTMS age-dependent response in treatment-resistant depressed subjects: a mini-review. CNS Spectr 2012;17:24-30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852912000417
  34. Ciobanu C, Girard M, Marin B, Labrunie A, Malauzat D. rTMS for pharmacoresistant major depression in the clinical setting of a psychiatric hospital: effectiveness and effects of age. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:677-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.024
  35. Sabesan P, Lankappa S, Khalifa N, Krishnan V, Gandhi R, Palaniyappan L, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for geriatric depression: Promises and pitfalls. World J Psychiatry 2015;5:170-181. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.170
  36. Freitas C, Pearlman C, Pascual-Leone A. Treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations with transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with psychotic major depression: one-year follow-up. Neurocase 2012;18:57-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2010.547864
  37. Gaudiano BA, Young D, Chelminski I, Zimmerman M. Depressive symptom profiles and severity patterns in outpatients with psychotic vs nonpsychotic major depression. Compr Psychiatry 2008;49:421-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.02.007
  38. Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Dolberg OH, Amiaz R, Ziv R, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: an open study. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:314-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00254-1
  39. Grunhaus L, Dolberg OT, Polak D, Dannon PN. Monitoring the response to rTMS in depression with visual analog scales. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:349-352. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.418
  40. Sienaert P, Lambrichts L, Dols A, De Fruyt J. Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 2013;15:61-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12026
  41. Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with bipolar depression: a double blind, controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2002;4 Suppl 1:94-95. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.4.s1.41.x
  42. Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:40-47. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00011.x
  43. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Elliot D, McQueen S, Wambeek LE, Daskalakis ZJ. A negative double-blind controlled trial of sequential bilateral rTMS in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2016;198:158-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.052
  44. Dell'Osso B, Mundo E, D'Urso N, Pozzoli S, Buoli M, Ciabatti M, et al. Augmentative repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:76-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00651.x
  45. Hadley D, Anderson BS, Borckardt JJ, Arana A, Li X, Nahas Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of high doses of adjunctive daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in a clinical setting. J ECT 2011;27:18-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181ce1a8c
  46. Roth Y, Amir A, Levkovitz Y, Zangen A. Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007;24:31-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0b013e31802fa393
  47. Bersani FS, Minichino A, Enticott PG, Mazzarini L, Khan N, Antonacci G, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review. Eur Psychiatry 2013;28:30-39.
  48. Levkovitz Y, Harel EV, Roth Y, Braw Y, Most D, Katz LN, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimul 2009;2:188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.08.002
  49. Levkovitz Y, Isserles M, Padberg F, Lisanby SH, Bystritsky A, Xia G, et al. Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry 2015;14:64-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20199
  50. Kedzior KK, Gellersen HM, Brachetti AK, Berlim MT. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (DTMS) in the treatment of major depression: An exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2015;187:73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.033
  51. Harel EV, Zangen A, Roth Y, Reti I, Braw Y, Levkovitz Y. H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of bipolar depression: an add-on, safety and feasibility study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011;12:119-126. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.510893
  52. Tavares DF, Myczkowski ML, Alberto RL, Valiengo L, Rios RM, Gordon P, et al. Treatment of bipolar depression with deep TMS: results from a double-blind, randomized, parallel group, sham-controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017 Feb 1 [Epub ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.26.
  53. Kreuzer PM, Schecklmann M, Lehner A, Wetter TC, Poeppl TB, Rupprecht R, et al. The ACDC pilot trial: targeting the anterior cingulate by double cone coil rTMS for the treatment of depression. Brain Stimul 2015;8:240-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.014
  54. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, McQueen S, Maller JJ, Herring S, Segrave R, et al. A randomized trial of rTMS targeted with MRI based neuronavigation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:1255-1262. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.233
  55. Herwig U, Padberg F, Unger J, Spitzer M, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of "standard" coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50:58-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01153-2
  56. Ruohonen J, Karhu J. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiol Clin 2010;40:7-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2010.01.006
  57. Herwig U, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C, Wunderlich AP, von Tiesenhausen C, Thielscher A, Walter H, et al. The navigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychiatry Res 2001;108:123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00121-4
  58. Fox MD, Liu H, Pascual-Leone A. Identification of reproducible individualized targets for treatment of depression with TMS based on intrinsic connectivity. Neuroimage 2013;66:151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.082
  59. Chung SW, Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB. Theta-burst stimulation: a new form of TMS treatment for depression? Depress Anxiety 2015;32: 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22335
  60. Li CT, Chen MH, Juan CH, Huang HH, Chen LF, Hsieh JC, et al. Efficacy of prefrontal theta-burst stimulation in refractory depression: a randomized sham-controlled study. Brain 2014;137(Pt 7):2088-2098. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu109
  61. Cheng CM, Juan CH, Chen MH, Chang CF, Lu HJ, Su TP, et al. Different forms of prefrontal theta burst stimulation for executive function of medication- resistant depression: evidence from a randomized sham-controlled study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016;66:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.009
  62. Plewnia C, Pasqualetti P, Grosse S, Schlipf S, Wasserka B, Zwissler B et al. Treatment of major depression with bilateral theta burst stimulation: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Affect Disord 2014;156: 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.025
  63. Kayser S, Bewernick BH, Grubert C, Hadrysiewicz BL, Axmacher N, Schlaepfer TE. Antidepressant effects, of magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive therapy, in treatment-resistant depression. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45:569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.008
  64. Luber B, McClintock SM, Lisanby SH. Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy in the study and treatment of disorders related to cerebral aging. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2013;15:87-98.
  65. Kayser S, Bewernick BH, Matusch A, Hurlemann R, Soehle M, Schlaepfer TE. Magnetic seizure therapy in treatment-resistant depression: clinical, neuropsychological and metabolic effects. Psychol Med 2015;45:1073-1092. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002244
  66. Chen SJ, Chang CH, Tsai HC, Chen ST, Lin CCh. Superior antidepressant effect occurring 1 month after rTMS: add-on rTMS for subjects with medication-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013;9:397-401.
  67. Hernandez-Ribas R, Deus J, Pujol J, Segalas C, Vallejo J, Menchon JM, et al. Identifying brain imaging correlates of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Brain Stimul 2013;6:54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.01.001
  68. Zheng H, Zhang L, Li L, Liu P, Gao J, Liu X, et al. High-frequency rTMS treatment increases left prefrontal myo-inositol in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:1189-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.009
  69. Bretlau LG, Lunde M, Lindberg L, Unden M, Dissing S, Bech P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with escitalopram in patients with treatment-resistant major depression: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008;41:41-47. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-993210
  70. Mogg A, Pluck G, Eranti SV, Landau S, Purvis R, Brown RG, et al. A randomized controlled trial with 4-month follow-up of adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex for depression. Psychol Med 2008;38:323-333.
  71. Aguirre I, Carretero B, Ibarra O, Kuhalainen J, Martinez J, Ferrer A, et al. Age predicts low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation efficacy in major depression. J Affect Disord 2011;130:466-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.038
  72. Eche J, Mondino M, Haesebaert F, Saoud M, Poulet E, Brunelin J. Low- vs high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an add-on treatment for refractory depression. Front Psychiatry 2012;3:13.
  73. Rossini D, Lucca A, Magri L, Malaguti A, Smeraldi E, Colombo C, et al. A symptom-specific analysis of the effect of high-frequency left or low-frequency right transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychobiology 2010;62:91-97. https://doi.org/10.1159/000315439
  74. Rosenquist PB, Krystal A, Heart KL, Demitrack MA, McCall WV. Left dorsolateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): sleep factor changes during treatment in patients with pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013;205:67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.011
  75. Schrijvers DL, Baeken C, De Raedt R, Sabbe BG. The impact of highfrequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on fine motor functions in medication-resistant major depression. Neuropsychobiology 2012;66:252-258. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341881
  76. Brakemeier EL, Wilbertz G, Rodax S, Danker-Hopfe H, Zinka B, Zwanzger P, et al. Patterns of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: replication study in drug-free patients. J Affect Disord 2008;108:59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.007
  77. Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Mechanic-Hamilton D, Press DZ, Pearlman C, Stern WM, Thall M, et al. An open-label, prospective study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the long-term treatment of refractory depression: reproducibility and duration of the antidepressant effect in medication-free patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:930-934. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v69n0607
  78. Rapinesi C, Curto M, Kotzalidis GD, Del Casale A, Serata D, Ferri VR, et al. Antidepressant effectiveness of deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with or without Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs): a 6-month, open label, follow-up study. J Affect Disord 2015;174:57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.015
  79. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Tovar-Perdomo S, Chachamovich E, Zangen A, Turecki G. Augmenting antidepressants with deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (DTMS) in treatment-resistant major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014;15:570-578. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2014.925141
  80. Harel EV, Rabany L, Deutsch L, Bloch Y, Zangen A, Levkovitz Y. H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant major depressive disorder: an 18-week continuation safety and feasibility study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014;15:298-306. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.639802
  81. Isserles M, Rosenberg O, Dannon P, Levkovitz Y, Kotler M, Deutsch F, et al. Cognitive-emotional reactivation during deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex of depressive patients affects antidepressant outcome. J Affect Disord 2011;128:235-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.038
  82. Rosenberg O, Isserles M, Levkovitz Y, Kotler M, Zangen A, Dannon PN. Effectiveness of a second deep TMS in depression: a brief report. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:1041-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.015
  83. Rosenberg O, Shoenfeld N, Zangen A, Kotler M, Dannon PN. Deep TMS in a resistant major depressive disorder: a brief report. Depress Anxiety 2010;27:465-469. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20689
  84. Rosenberg O, Zangen A, Stryjer R, Kotler M, Dannon PN. Response to deep TMS in depressive patients with previous electroconvulsive treatment. Brain Stimul 2010;3:211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.12.001
  85. Bersani FS, Girardi N, Sanna L, Mazzarini L, Santucci C, Kotzalidis GD, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a case report of acute and maintenance efficacy. Neurocase 2013;19:451-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2012.690429
  86. Duprat R, Desmyter S, Rudi de R, van Heeringen K, Van den Abbeele D, Tandt H, et al. Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation treatment in medication-resistant major depression: a fast road to remission? J Affect Disord 2016;200:6-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.015
  87. Holzer M, Padberg F. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) ameliorates therapy-resistant depression: a case series. Brain Stimul 2010;3:181-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.004
  88. Chistyakov AV, Kreinin B, Marmor S, Kaplan B, Khatib A, Darawsheh N, et al. Preliminary assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of continuous theta-burst magnetic stimulation (cTBS) in major depression: a double-blind sham-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2015; 170:225-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.035
  89. Prasser J, Schecklmann M, Poeppl TB, Frank E, Kreuzer PM, Hajak G, et al. Bilateral prefrontal rTMS and theta burst TMS as an add-on treatment for depression: a randomized placebo controlled trial. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015;16:57-65. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2014.964768
  90. Chistyakov AV, Rubicsek O, Kaplan B, Zaaroor M, Klein E. Safety, tolerability and preliminary evidence for antidepressant efficacy of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:387-393. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145710000027