벤처창업연구 (Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship)

  • 제12권4호
  • /
  • Pages.145-157
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 1975-7557(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2671-9509(eISSN)
한국벤처창업학회 (The Korean Society of Business Venturing)
권호 표지

중소기업 경영자의 기업가적 지향성이 제품 및 서비스혁신을 매개로 경영성과에 미치는 영향

The Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation of Small-Medium Enterprise's CEO on Business Performance: Mediating Effect of Product and Service Innovation

  • Choi, Suheyong (Department of Business Administration, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kang, Heekyung (Department of Business Administration, Pusan National University) ;
  • An, na (Department of Business Administration, Pusan National University)
  • 투고 : 2017.07.10
  • 심사 : 2017.08.25
  • 발행 : 2017.08.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

중소기업은 국내경제에서 중요한 역할을 차지하고 있으며 예측하지 못한 변화에 유연하게 대응하는 역량으로 경쟁하는 시대에서는 중소기업이 가지는 민첩성이 더욱 강조된다. 이러한 혁신을 가능하게 하는 중소기업의 원천에는 기업가적 지향성이 중요한 요인으로 지적되고 있다. 기업가적 지향성(Entrepreneurial Orientation)이란 기업의 최고경영자 또는 구성원들이 다양한 시장기회에 직면해서 혁신적이고 위험을 감수하며 적극적으로 행동하려는 성향을 가리킨다. 즉, 특정한 기술이나 산업에 구애받지 않고 기업 전반의 활동에서 나타내는 성향을 말하며 이는 경영성과에 직, 간접적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 중소기업 경영자의 기업가적 지향성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 이론 및 실증연구를 진행하였다. 이론연구를 통해 연구가설을 도출하였는데 특히 혁신활동의 매개효과에 주목하여 제품혁신과 서비스혁신 활동을 통해 기업가적 지향성이 경영성과로 이어지는 메커니즘을 규명하고자 하였다. 기업가적 지향성의 하위변수인 혁신성, 진취성, 위험감수성이 혁신의 하위변수인 제품혁신과 서비스혁신을 매개로 경영성과에 영향을 미칠 것인지 연구가설을 설정하였다. 부산, 경남지역의 중소기업을 대상으로 조사를 진행하여 연구가설을 검증하였다. 결과 제품혁신과 서비스혁신은 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 제품혁신은 위험감수성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 매개하였으며, 서비스혁신은 혁신성, 진취성, 위험감수성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 두 혁신 간에 매개효과의 차이가 있었는데, 제품혁신은 매개효과의 비중이 낮고 직접효과가 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 서비스혁신의 경우 상대적으로 매개효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론에서는 제품혁신과 서비스혁신이 가지는 본질적인 차이와 관련하여 연구결과의 시사점을 도출하였으며 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

SMEs play an important role in the domestic economy. Regarding competency to respond flexibly to unpredictable changes, agility of SMEs is more emphasized. Entrepreneurship orientation is an important factor in the source of SMEs that enable such competency. Entrepreneurial orientation refers to the tendency of a CEO or a member of a corporation to be innovative, risk-taking, and active in the face of various market opportunities. In other words, it refers to the tendency to be expressed in the activities of the entire company without regard to specific technologies or industries. Entrepreneurial orientation has a direct or indirect effect on business performance. Therefore, in this study, we conducted theoretical and empirical studies on the effect of entrepreneurial orientation of SME managers on business performance. Research hypotheses were derived through theoretical research. We focused on the mediating effect of innovation activity and tried to identify the mechanism that entrepreneurial orientation leads to business performance through product innovation and service innovation activity. We investigated whether innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking, which are sub-variables of entrepreneurial orientation, affect business performance through product innovation and service innovation. We conducted a survey of SMEs in Busan and Kyungnam regions to examine the research hypotheses. The results show that product innovation and service innovation have mediating effects. The results of the study are as follows. Product innovation has mediating effect of innovativeness and risk-taking on business performance. Service innovation has been found to mediate innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking on business performance. There was a difference in the mediation effect between the two innovations. Product innovation showed a low mediating effect and a large direct effect. On the other hands, service innovation is relatively more mediating than product innovation. The implications of the research results are derived in relation to the essential differences between product innovation and service innovation. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are presented.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Alegre, J., & Chiva, R.(2013). Linking entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the role of organizational learning capability and innovation performance, Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4), 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12005
  2. Amabile, T. M.(1988). A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-1676.
  3. Amara, N., Landry, R., & Doloreux, D.(2009). Patterns of innovation in knowledge-intensive business services, Service Industries Journal, 29(4), 407-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060802307847
  4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A.(1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  5. Chang, Y. C., Linton, J. D., & Chen, M. N.(2012). Service regime: An empirical analysis of innovation patterns in service firms, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(9), 1569-1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.05.017
  6. Choi, M. J.(2013). Effects of Entrepreneurship on Managerial Performances: Centering on Control Effects of Region, Korea Association of Business Education, 28(1), 235-255
  7. Choi, S. B., & Lee, D. H.(2013). The Effects of Sub-Factors of Entrepreneurial and Market Orientations on Innovation and Financial Performances in Korean Venture and SMEs, Journal of Strategic Management, 16(3), 109-129. https://doi.org/10.17786/jsm.2013.16.3.005
  8. Collins, O.. & Moore, D. G.(1970). The Organization Makers: A Behavioral Study of Independent Entrepreneurs, New York, Appleton
  9. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P.(1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments, Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107
  10. Damanpour F., & Evan W.(1991). Organizational Innovation and Performance: The Problem of Organizational Lag, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3), 392-409. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393031
  11. Den Hertog, P.(2000). Knowledge-intensive business services as co-producers of innovation, International Journal of Innovation Management, 4(4), 491-528. https://doi.org/10.1142/S136391960000024X
  12. Dimitratos, P., Lioukas, S., & Carter, S.(2004). The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: the importance of domestic environment, International Business Review, 13(1), 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.08.001
  13. Frishammar, J., & Ake Horte, S.(2007). The role of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation for new product development performance in manufacturing firms, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 19(6), 765-788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320701711231
  14. Go, K. M.(2013). The relationship between CEO's entrepreneurship/Social capital, Knowledge management & Innovation, and the moderating effect of Convergence Federation in Small and Medium Business, The Graduate School, Sangji University
  15. Gupta, V. K., & Batra, S.(2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance in Indian SMEs: Universal and contingency perspectives, International Small Business Journal, 34(5), 660-682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615577708
  16. Jang, H. Y., & Kim, B. K.(2017). Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Capability on the Innovation Performance and the Moderating Effect of Environmental Hostility, Korean Business Education Review, 32(2), 89-116.
  17. Jeong P. A.(2016). The Effects of Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Innovation Activities on Business Performance, Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School of Pusan National University.
  18. Jiang, X., Yang, Y., Pei, Y. L., & Wang, G.(2016). Entrepreneurial orientation, strategic alliances, and firm performance: Inside the black box, Long Range Planning, 49(1), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2014.09.003
  19. Kang. B. O.(2011). A Study on the Influence of CEO's Entrepreneurship in SMEs on Business Performance, Franchise Business, Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School, Chung-Ang University
  20. Kang Y. M., Cho, C. W., & Lee S. J.(2013). The Characteristics of Innovation Activities in the Service Sector, Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society, 16(3), 559-581.
  21. Kim, S. K.(2007). Management Innovation and Corporate Performance : Moderating Effects of Network Organizations, Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School of Pusan National University.
  22. Kim, S. K., Kwak, Y. W., Ahn, K. Y., & Kwon, H. D.(2014), Effects of Corporate Entreprenurship on Incremental Innovation and Management Performances : Focus on Financial Service Industries, Journal of the Korea Service Management Society, 15(3), 277-306.
  23. Knight, G. A.(1997). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation, Journal of Business Venturing, 12(3), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00065-1
  24. Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M.(2002). Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Scale: A Multi-country Analysis, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 26(4), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600405
  25. Kwak, Y. W., Kwon, H. D., Suh, C. J., & Kim, H. Y(2011). A Study on the Influences of Creativity on the Quality Management Activities -Focused on Award & Certification Recipients in Quality Management, Journal of the Korea Service Management Society, 12(2), 261-291. https://doi.org/10.15706/jksms.2011.12.2.012
  26. Langerak, F.(2003). The Effect of Market Orientation on Positional Advantage and Organizational Performance, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 11(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254032000102957
  27. Lee, S. D.(2013). (An) empirical study on the firm's performance and technological innovation of entrepreneurial orientation in inno-biz SMEs' CEO, Graduate School, Kyungsung University
  28. Lee, D. H.(2012). The Effects of Strategic Orientations on Innovation Performance-The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Journal of Business Research, 27(2), 279-302.
  29. Lee, J. W., & Chang, S. D.(1999). Characteristics of Successful High - Tech Ventures ; An Empirical Study, The Korean Small Business Review, 21(1), 105-133.
  30. Lee, Y. B., Lee., D. J., Lim, H. J., & Back, H.(2014). The Effect of SME's on Orientation on Corporate Performance, Journal of Industrial Economics and Business, 27(2), 959-980.
  31. Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhao, Y.(2006). The role of market & entrepreneurship orientation and internal control in the new product development activities of Chinese firms, Industrial Marketing Management, 35(3), 336-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.05.016
  32. Lisboa, A., Skarmeas, D., & Saridakis, C.(2016). Entrepreneurial orientation pathways to performance: A fuzzy-set analysis, Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1319-1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.099
  33. Love, J. H., Roper, S., & Bryson, J. R.(2011). Openness, knowledge, innovation and growth in UK business services. Research Policy, 40(10), 1438-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.016
  34. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G.(1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct & Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
  35. Madanmohan(2005). Incremental technical innovation & their determinants, International Journal of Innovation Management, 9(4), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919605001356
  36. Matsuno, K., Johm, T. M. & Ozsorner, A.(2002). The effect of entrepreneurial proclivity & market orientation on business performance, Journal of Marketing, 66(3), 18-32. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.3.18.18507
  37. McGrath, R. G.(1999). Falling forward: Real options reasoning & entrepreneurial failure, Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.1580438
  38. Miles, M. P., & Arnold, D. R.(1991). The Relationship between Marketing Orientation & Entrepreneurial Orientation, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 15(4), 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879101500407
  39. Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H.(1983). Strategy marking & environment: The third link, Strategic Management Journal, 4(2), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250040304
  40. Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H.(1984). A longitudinal study of the corporate life cycle. Management Science, 30(10), 1161-1183. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.10.1161
  41. Miller, D., & Lee, J.(2001). The People make the Process, Journal of Management, 27(2), 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(00)00094-5
  42. Moon, C. H.(2013). The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Market Orientation on Internalization and Performance in Korean Venture Firms, Korea Journal of Business Administration, 26(5), 1177-1204.
  43. Moon, Y. B., & Kim, S. H.(2012). The Effects of Strategic Orientation on Intellectual Capital and Firm Performance, Knowledge Management Research, 13(5), 15-41.
  44. Moon, H. S., & Lee, S. M.(2016a)., Entrepreneurial Orientation, Organizational Learning, Social Capital and Performances in Korean SMEs, Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business, 38(1), 207-235.
  45. Moon, H. S., & Lee, S. M.(2016b). The moderating impact of middle managers' strategy implementation on the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship, Journal of Organization and Management, 40(3), 185-212.
  46. Moreno, A. M., & Casillas, J. C.(2008). Entrepreneurial orientation and growth of SMEs: A causal model, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32(3), 507-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00238.x
  47. Niedrich, R., & Swain, S. D.(2003). The Influence of Pioneer Status & Experience Order on Consumer Br & Preference: A Mediated Effects Model, Journal of Academy of Marketing, 31(4), 468-480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303254796
  48. Park, J. W., Kim, J. H., & Yoon, I. C.(2011). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Marketing Orientation on the Innovation Success and Performance in Firms, The Journal of Business Education, 25(2), 243-265.
  49. Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M.(2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x
  50. Santamaria, L., Nieto, M. J., & Miles, I.(2012). Service innovation in manufacturing firms: Evidence from Spain, Technovation, 32(2), 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2011.08.006
  51. Sasser, W. E., Olsen, R. P., & Wyckoff, D. D.(1978). Management of Service Operations: Text, Cases, & Readings, Allyn & Bacon.
  52. Schumpeter, J. A.(1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, & the business cycle, 55, Transaction Publishers.
  53. Seo, R. B.(2017). The Value of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Social Capital for Enhancing Collective Performance in R&D Collaborations of Korean Ventures, Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society, 20(1), 1-33.
  54. Seo, S. S.(2010). The Impact of Innovation Orientation on Technological and Management Performance among Family Business Enterprises in Korea, Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School of Yeungnam University
  55. Shan, P., Song, M., & Ju, X.(2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance: Is innovation speed a missing link?, Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.032
  56. Shirokova, G., Bogatyreva, K., Beliaeva, T., & Puffer, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance in different environmental settings: Contingency and configurational approaches, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 703-727. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2015-0132
  57. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A.(1997). Dynamic Capabilities & Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
  58. Therrien, P., Doloreux, D., & Chamberlin, T.(2011). Innovation novelty and (commercial) performance in the service sector: A Canadian firm-level analysis, Technovation, 31(12), 655-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2011.07.007
  59. Thompson, V. A.(1965). Bureaucracy & innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391646
  60. Tidd, J.(2001). Innovation Management in Context: Environment, Organization & Performance, International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(3), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00062
  61. Trigo, A., & Vence, X.(2012). Scope and patterns of innovation cooperation in Spanish service enterprises, Research Policy, 41(3), 602-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.10.006
  62. Wang, C. L.(2008). Entrepreneurial orientation, learning orientation, and firm performance, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32(4), 635-657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00246.x
  63. Wiklund, J.(2006). The sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship, Entrepreneurship and the Growth of Firms, 7(3), 141-155.
  64. Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D.(2005). Entrepreneurial orientation & small business performance: a configurational approach, Journal of Business Venturing, 20(1), 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.01.001
  65. Yoo, B. H.(2011). The Mediated Effect of Innovativeness and Customer Orientation among Entrepreneurial Market Orientation, Organizational Effectiveness and Business Performance, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society. 12(9), 3924-3935. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2011.12.9.3924
  66. Yoon, H. J.(2014a). A Meta Analysis of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Journal of Strategic Management, 17(3), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.17786/jsm.2014.17.3.002
  67. Yoon, H. J.(2014b). Reexamining the Performance Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation - A Study on Korean Small and Medium-sized Business Ventures, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 9(5), 103-114.
  68. Yoon, H. J.(2015). A Theoretical Review of Research on Entrepreneurial Orientation, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(5), 45-62.
  69. Yoon, M. C. & Park, K. H.(2015). The Effects of SMEs CEOs' Entrepreneurial Orientation and Industrial Characteristics on the Management Performance: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Corporate Innovation, Journal of Creativity and Innovation, 8, 179-218.
  70. Zahra, S. A., & Covin, J. G.(1995). Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis, Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00004-E
  71. Zahra, S. A., Nielsen, A. P., & Bogner, W. C.(1999). Corporate entrepreneurship, knowledge, and competence development, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 23(3), 169-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879902300310
  72. 통계청(2015). 중소기업 현황, http://kosis.kr/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parentId=K