Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

The Korean Pediatric Society (대한소아청소년과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Recent advances in pediatric interventional cardiology

  • Kim, Seong-Ho (Department of Pediatrics, Sejong General Hospital)
  • Received : 2017.05.01
  • Accepted : 2017.07.09
  • Published : 2017.08.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

During the last 10 years, there have been major technological achievements in pediatric interventional cardiology. In addition, there have been several advances in cardiac imaging, especially in 3-dimensional imaging of echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cineangiography. Therefore, more types of congenital heart diseases can be treated in the cardiac catheter laboratory today than ever before. Furthermore, lesions previously considered resistant to interventional therapies can now be managed with high success rates. The hybrid approach has enabled the overcoming of limitations inherent to percutaneous access, expanding the application of endovascular therapies as adjunct to surgical interventions to improve patient outcomes and minimize invasiveness. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation has become a successful alternative therapy. However, most of the current recommendations about pediatric cardiac interventions (including class I recommendations) refer to off-label use of devices, because it is difficult to study the safety and efficacy of catheterization and transcatheter therapy in pediatric cardiac patients. This difficulty arises from the challenge of identifying a control population and the relatively small number of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Nevertheless, the pediatric interventional cardiology community has continued to develop less invasive solutions for congenital heart defects to minimize the need for open heart surgery and optimize overall outcomes. In this review, various interventional procedures in patients with congenital heart disease are explored.

Keywords

References

  1. Kim SH. Interventional catheterization in congenital heart disease. Sejong Med J 1992;9:143-8.
  2. Kang IS. Recent advance of interventional catheterization in congenital heart disease. J Korean Pediatr Soc 2003;46:1178-85.
  3. Kim SH. Therapeutic catheterization in congenital heart diseases. Korean J Pediatr 2004;47Suppl 1:S150-8.
  4. Choi JY. Recent advances in transcatheter treatment of congenital heart disease. Korean J Pediatr 2006;49:917-29. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2006.49.9.917
  5. Crystal MA, Ing FF. Pediatric interventional cardiology: 2009. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010;22:567-72.
  6. Ungerleider RM, Johnston TA, O'Laughlin MP, Jaggers JJ, Gaskin PR. Intraoperative stents to rehabilitate severely stenotic pulmonary vessels. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:476-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01822-1
  7. Boudjemline Y, Schievano S, Bonnet C, Coats L, Agnoletti G, Khambadkone S, et al. Off-pump replacement of the pulmonary valve in large right ventricular outflow tracts: a hybrid approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:831-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.027
  8. Bacha EA, Cao QL, Galantowicz ME, Cheatham JP, Fleishman CE, Weinstein SW, et al. Multicenter experience with perventricular device closure of muscular ventricular septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol 2005;26:169-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-004-0956-2
  9. Amin Z, Woo R, Danford DA, Froemming SE, Reddy VM, Lof J, et al. Robotically assisted perventricular closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects: preliminary results in Yucatan pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:427-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.10.034
  10. Konertz W, Schneider M, Herwig V, Kampmann C, Waldenberger F, Hausdorf G. Modified hemi-Fontan operation and subsequent nonsurgical Fontan completion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:865-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70127-3
  11. Ruiz CE, Gamra H, Zhang HP, Garcia EJ, Boucek MM. Brief report: stenting of the ductus arteriosus as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in infants with the hypoplastic left-heart syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1605-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199306033282205
  12. Akintuerk H, Michel-Behnke I, Valeske K, Mueller M, Thul J, Bauer J, et al. Stenting of the arterial duct and banding of the pulmonary arteries: basis for combined Norwood stage I and II repair in hypoplastic left heart. Circulation 2002;105:1099-103. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0902.104709
  13. Galantowicz M, Cheatham JP. Lessons learned from the development of a new hybrid strategy for the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 2005;26:190-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-004-0962-4
  14. Bacha EA, Daves S, Hardin J, Abdulla RI, Anderson J, Kahana M, et al. Single-ventricle palliation for high-risk neonates: the emergence of an alternative hybrid stage I strategy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:163-71.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.07.053
  15. Boudjemline Y, Pineau E, Borenstein N, Behr L, Bonhoeffer P. New insights in minimally invasive valve replacement: description of a cooperative approach for the off-pump replacement of mitral valves. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2013-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi307
  16. Bonhoeffer P, Boudjemline Y, Saliba Z, Merckx J, Aggoun Y, Bonnet D, et al. Percutaneous replacement of pulmonary valve in a rightventricle to pulmonary-artery prosthetic conduit with valve dysfunction. Lancet 2000;356:1403-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02844-0
  17. Beekman RH 3rd. Transcatheter cardiac valve replacement and repair. Congenit Heart Dis 2006;1:2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0803.2006.00001.x
  18. Khambadkone S, Coats L, Taylor A, Boudjemline Y, Derrick G, Tsang V, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in humans: results in 59 consecutive patients. Circulation 2005;112:1189-97. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.523266
  19. Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, Bash A, Borenstein N, Tron C, Bauer F, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description. Circulation 2002;106:3006-8. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000047200.36165.B8
  20. Sridharan S, Coats L, Khambadkone S, Taylor AM, Bonhoeffer P. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Transcatheter right ventricular outflow tract intervention: the risk to the coronary circulation. Circulation 2006;113:e934-5.
  21. Boudjemline Y, Agnoletti G, Bonnet D, Sidi D, Bonhoeffer P. Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement in a large right ventricular outflow tract: an experimental study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1082-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.037
  22. McElhinney DB, Hellenbrand WE, Zahn EM, Jones TK, Cheatham JP, Lock JE, et al. Short- and medium-term outcomes after transcatheter pulmonary valve placement in the expanded multicenter US melody valve trial. Circulation 2010;122:507-16. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.921692
  23. Feltes TF, Bacha E, Beekman RH 3rd, Cheatham JP, Feinstein JA, Gomes AS, et al. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:2607-52. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31821b1f10
  24. Sutherell JS, Hirsch R, Beekman RH 3rd. Pediatric interventional cardiology in the United States is dependent on the off-label use of medical devices. Congenit Heart Dis 2010;5:2-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0803.2009.00364.x
  25. Amin Z, Hijazi ZM, Bass JL, Cheatham JP, Hellenbrand WE, Kleinman CS. Erosion of Amplatzer septal occluder device after closure of secundum atrial septal defects: review of registry of complications and recommendations to minimize future risk. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:496-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.20211
  26. Amin Z. Echocardiographic predictors of cardiac erosion after Amplatzer septal occluder placement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014;83:84-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25175
  27. Backes CH, Cheatham SL, Deyo GM, Leopold S, Ball MK, Smith CV, et al. Percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in very preterm infants: feasibility and complications. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5(2). pii: e002923. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002923.
  28. Sungur M, Karakurt C, Ozbarlas N, Baspinar O. Closure of patent ductus arteriosus in children, small infants, and premature babies with Amplatzer duct occluder II additional sizes: multicenter study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;82:245-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.24905
  29. Bruckheimer E, Godfrey M, Dagan T, Levinzon M, Amir G, Birk E. The Amplatzer Duct Occluder II Additional Sizes device for transcatheter PDA closure: initial experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014;83:1097-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25445
  30. Roberts P, Adwani S, Archer N, Wilson N. Catheter closure of the arterial duct in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F248-50. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.078600
  31. Zahn EM, Nevin P, Simmons C, Garg R. A novel technique for transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure in extremely preterm infants using commercially available technology. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015;85:240-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25534
  32. Ghasemi A, Pandya S, Reddy SV, Turner DR, Du W, Navabi MA, et al. Trans-catheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus-What is the best device? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;76:687-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22393
  33. Brunetti MA, Ringel R, Owada C, Coulson J, Jennings JM, Hoyer MH, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus: a multiinstitutional registry comparing multiple devices. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;76:696-702. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22538
  34. Thanopoulos BD, Tsaousis GS, Djukic M, Al Hakim F, Eleftherakis NG, Simeunovic SD. Transcatheter closure of high pulmonary artery pressure persistent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder. Heart 2002;87:260-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.87.3.260
  35. Garcia-Montes JA, Cerdeira CZ, Colmenero JC, Espinola N, de la Reguera GF, Hernandez AB. Percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus and muscular ventricular defect with Amplatzer occluder in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension. Arch Cardiol Mex 2005;75:320-6.
  36. Zabal C, Garcia-Montes JA, Buendia-Hernandez A, Calderon-Colmenero J, Patino-Bahena E, Juanico-Enriquez A, et al. Percutaneous closure of hypertensive ductus arteriosus. Heart 2010;96:625-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.185025
  37. Fatema NN. Closure of large patent ductus arteriosus by Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO): a case report. J Armed Force Med Coll Bangladesh 2009;5:46-8.
  38. Spies C, Ujivari F, Schrader R. Transcatheter closure of a 22 mm patent ductus arteriosus with an Amplatzer atrial septal occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:352-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.20283
  39. Moszura T, Niwald M, Dryzek P, Moll J, Sysa A. Successful closure of a large PDA with an Amplazter septal occluder in a child with heart failure and pulmonary hypertension--a case report. Kardiol Pol 2006;64:1284-6.
  40. Zanjani KS. Closure of a short patent ductus arteriosus using an atrial septal occluder. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010;123:1220-1.
  41. Yang SW, Zhou YJ, Hu DY, Liu YY, Shi DM, Guo YH, et al. Feasibility and safety of transcatheter intervention for complex patent ductus arteriosus. Angiology 2010;61:372-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319709351874
  42. Garcia-Montes JA, Camacho-Castro A, Sandoval-Jones JP, Buendia-Hernandez A, Calderon-Colmenero J, Patino-Bahena E, et al. Closure of large patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer Septal Occluder. Cardiol Young 2015;25:491-5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951114000183
  43. Bass JL, Kalra GS, Arora R, Masura J, Gavora P, Thanopoulos BD, et al. Initial human experience with the Amplatzer perimembranous ventricular septal occluder device. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;58:238-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.10406
  44. Hijazi ZM, Hakim F, Haweleh AA, Madani A, Tarawna W, Hiari A, et al. Catheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: initial clinical experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2002;56:508-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.10292
  45. Fu YC, Bass J, Amin Z, Radtke W, Cheatham JP, Hellenbrand WE, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: results of the U.S. phase I trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:319-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.028
  46. Holzer R, de Giovanni J, Walsh KP, Tometzki A, Goh T, Hakim F, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: immediate and midterm results of an international registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;68:620-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.20659
  47. Masura J, Gao W, Gavora P, Sun K, Zhou AQ, Jiang S, et al. Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the eccentric Amplatzer device: multicenter follow-up study. Pediatr Cardiol 2005;26:216-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-005-1003-7
  48. Pedra CA, Pedra SR, Esteves CA, Pontes SC Jr, Braga SL, Arrieta SR, et al. Percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer device: technical and morphological considerations. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:403-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.10797
  49. Pinto RJ, Dalvi BV, Sharma S. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using amplatzer asymmetric ventricular septal defect occluder: preliminary experience with 18-month follow up. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;68:145-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.20813
  50. Butera G, Carminati M, Chessa M, Piazza L, Micheletti A, Negura DG, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects: early and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.068
  51. Walsh MA, Bialkowski J, Szkutnik M, Pawelec-Wojtalik M, Bobkowski W, Walsh KP. Atrioventricular block after transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Heart 2006;92:1295-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.084988
  52. Butera G, Massimo C, Mario C. Late complete atriovenous block after percutaneous closure of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;67:938-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.20696
  53. Yip WC, Zimmerman F, Hijazi ZM. Heart block and empirical therapy after transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;66:436-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.20512
  54. Sullivan ID. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect: is the risk of heart block too high a price? Heart 2007;93:284-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2006.103671
  55. Liu J, You XH, Zhao XX, Hu JQ, Cao J, Xu RL, et al. Outcome of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with modified double-disk occluder device. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2010;38:321-5.
  56. Miro J. Live case demonstration of percutaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with Amplatzer perimembranous ventricular septal defect occluder II. In: Pediatric & Adult Interventional Cardiac Symposium (PICS-AICS 2012); 2012 Apr 15-18; Chicago (IL), USA.
  57. Lee SM, Song JY, Choi JY, Lee SY, Paik JS, Chang SI, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using Amplatzer ductal occluder. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;82:1141-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.24810
  58. Lin SC, Hwang JJ, Hsu KL, Lee CM, Wang JK, Tseng CD, et al. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in adults with congenital valvular pulmonary stenosis. Acta Cardiol Sin 2004;20:147-53.
  59. Czarny MJ, Resar JR. Diagnosis and management of valvular aortic stenosis. Clin Med Insights Cardiol 2014;8(Suppl 1):15-24.
  60. Keane JF, Fyler DC. Aortic outflow abnormalities. In: Keane JF, Lock JE, Fyler DC, editors. Nadas' pediatric cardiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2006:581-601.
  61. Coats L, Khambadkone S, Derrick G, Sridharan S, Schievano S, Mist B, et al. Physiological and clinical consequences of relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction late after repair of congenital heart defects. Circulation 2006;113:2037-44. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591438
  62. Nordmeyer J, Khambadkone S, Coats L, Schievano S, Lurz P, Parenzan G, et al. Risk stratification, systematic classification, and anticipatory management strategies for stent fracture after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. Circulation 2007;115:1392-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.674259
  63. Coats L, Khambadkone S, Derrick G, Hughes M, Jones R, Mist B, et al. Physiological consequences of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: the different behaviour of volume- and pressureoverloaded ventricles. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1886-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm181
  64. Lurz P, Coats L, Khambadkone S, Nordmeyer J, Boudjemline Y, Schievano S, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: impact of evolving technology and learning curve on clinical outcome. Circulation 2008;117:1964-72. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.735779
  65. Nordmeyer J, Coats L, Lurz P, Lee TY, Derrick G, Rees P, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve-in-valve implantation: a successful treat ment concept for early device failure. Eur Heart J 2008;29:810-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn073
  66. Kostolny M, Tsang V, Nordmeyer J, Van Doorn C, Frigiola A, Khambadkone S, et al. Rescue surgery following percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:607-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.12.034
  67. Lurz P, Puranik R, Nordmeyer J, Muthurangu V, Hansen MS, Schievano S, et al. Improvement in left ventricular filling properties after relief of right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit obstruction: contribution of septal motion and interventricular mechanical delay. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2266-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp258
  68. Lurz P, Nordmeyer J, Muthurangu V, Khambadkone S, Derrick G, Yates R, et al. Comparison of bare metal stenting and percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation for treatment of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: use of an x-ray/magnetic resonance hybrid laboratory for acute physiological assessment. Circulation 2009;119:2995-3001. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.836312
  69. Lurz P, Nordmeyer J, Coats L, Taylor AM, Bonhoeffer P, Schulze-Neick I. Immediate clinical and haemodynamic benefits of restoration of pulmonary valvar competence in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Heart 2009;95:646-50.
  70. Zahn EM, Hellenbrand WE, Lock JE, McElhinney DB. Implantation of the melody transcatheter pulmonary valve in patients with a dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tract conduit early results from the u.s. Clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1722-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.034
  71. Romeih S, Kroft LJ, Bokenkamp R, Schalij MJ, Grotenhuis H, Hazekamp MG, et al. Delayed improvement of right ventricular diastolic function and regression of right ventricular mass after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in patients with congenital heart disease. Am Heart J 2009;158:40-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.04.023
  72. Momenah TS, El Oakley R, Al Najashi K, Khoshhal S, Al Qethamy H, Bonhoeffer P. Extended application of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1859-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.061
  73. Moiduddin N, Asoh K, Slorach C, Benson LN, Friedberg MK. Effect of transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation on short-term right ventricular function as determined by two-dimensional speckle tracking strain and strain rate imaging. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:862-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.018
  74. Schoonbeek RC, Takebayashi S, Aoki C, Shimaoka T, Harris MA, Fu GL, et al. Implantation of the medtronic harmony transcatheter pulmonary valve improves right ventricular size and function in an ovine model of postoperative chronic pulmonary insufficiency. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9(10). pii:e003920.
  75. Promphan W, Prachasilchai P, Siripornpitak S, Qureshi SA, Layangool T. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation with the Venus Pvalve: clinical experience and early results. Cardiol Young 2016;26:698-710. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951115001067
  76. Cao QL, Kenny D, Zhou D, Pan W, Guan L, Ge J, et al. Early clinical experience with a novel self-expanding percutaneous stent-valve in the native right ventricular outflow tract. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014;84:1131-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25544
  77. Kenny D, Hijazi ZM, Kar S, Rhodes J, Mullen M, Makkar R, et al. Percutaneous implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve for conduit failure in the pulmonary position: early phase 1 results from an international multicenter clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2248-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.040
  78. Gibbs JL, Wren C, Watterson KG, Hunter S, Hamilton JR. Stenting of the arterial duct combined with banding of the pulmonary arteries and atrial septectomy or septostomy: a new approach to palliation for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Br Heart J 1993;69:551-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.69.6.551
  79. Gibbs JL, Uzun O, Blackburn ME, Wren C, Hamilton JR, Watterson KG. Fate of the stented arterial duct. Circulation 1999;99:2621-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.20.2621
  80. Akinturk H, Michel-Behnke I, Valeske K, Mueller M, Thul J, Bauer J, et al. Hybrid transcatheter-surgical palliation: basis for univentricular or biventricular repair: the Giessen experience. Pediatr Cardiol 2007;28:79-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-006-1444-7
  81. Galantowicz M, Cheatham JP, Phillips A, Cua CL, Hoffman TM, Hill SL, et al. Hybrid approach for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: intermediate results after the learning curve. Ann Thorac Surg 2008 Jun; 85(6):2063-70;discussion 2070-1.
  82. Amin Z, Gu X, Berry JM, Titus JL, Gidding SS, Rocchini AP. Perventricular closure of ventricular septal defects without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:149-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00519-6
  83. Simpson KE, Huddleston CB, Foerster S, Nicholas R, Balzer D. Successful subxyphoid hybrid approach for placement of a Melody percutaneous pulmonary valve. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011;78:108-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22930
  84. Pedra SF, Peralta CF, Pedra CAC. Future directions of fetal interventions in congenital heart disease. Interv Cardiol Clin 2013;2:1-10.
  85. Araujo Junior E, Tonni G, Chung M, Ruano R, Martins WP. Perinatal outcomes and intrauterine complications following fetal intervention for congenital heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;48:426-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.15867
  86. Hascoet S, Warin-Fresse K, Baruteau AE, Hadeed K, Karsenty C, Petit J, et al. Cardiac imaging of congenital heart diseases during interventional procedures continues to evolve: Pros and cons of the main techniques. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016;109:128-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2015.11.011
  87. Glockler M, Halbfass J, Koch A, Achenbach S, Dittrich S. Multimodality 3D-roadmap for cardiovascular interventions in congenital heart disease: a single-center, retrospective analysis of 78 cases. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;82:436-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.24646

Cited by

  1. Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect vol.35, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.9794/jspccs.35.125
  2. Congenital heart disease: Saving lives and securing liveliness with early primary care and expert family care vol.10, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_59_21
  3. Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Interventional Procedures vol.44, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02752-7