References
- Appleton, J. (1996). The Experience of Landscape: Wiley Chichester.
- Boyce, P.R. (2003). Human Factors in Lighting, Third Edition: CRC Press, 395-427.
- Davidson, N. & Goodey, J. (1991). Street lighting and crime: The Hull Project. Hull: University of Hull.
- Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA). (2000). The IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition, New York, IESNA.
- Atkins, S., Husain, S. & Storey, A. (1991). The Influence of Street Lighting on Crime and Fear of Crime. London: Home Office.
- Painter K. & Farrington, D.P. (1997). The Crime Reducing Effect of Improved Street Lighting: The Dudley Project. In Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Edited by Clarke, R.V. Guilderland, NY: Harrow and Heston, 209-226.
- Park, K.R., Choi, I.S., Kang, E.Y., Park, S.H., Kang, Y.G. & Kim, S.M. (2013). Preliminary Analysis of Effectiveness of Seoul City CPTED Project. Seoul: Korean Institute of Criminology.
- Park, S.H. & Choi, S.H. (2015). A Study on the Effectiveness of School Violence Prevention through Environmental Design Program in Seoul. Seoul: Korean Institute of Criminology.
- Vamplew, C. (1990). The Effect of Improved Street Lighting on the Perceptions of Crime: A before-and-after study. Middlesbrough: Cleveland County Council.
- Blobaum, A. & Hunecke, M. (2005). Perceived danger in urban public space: the impacts of physical features and personal factors, Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 465-486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504269643
- Boomsma, C. & Steg, L. (2012). Feeling safe in the dark: Examining the effect of entrapment, lighting levels, and gender on feelings of safety and lighting policy acceptability, Environment and Behavior, 46(2), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512453838
- Boyce, P.R., Eklund, N.H., Hamilton, B.J. & Bruno, L.D. (2000). Perceptions of safety at night in different lighting conditions, Lighting Res & Tech, 32(2), 19-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032710003200103
- Byun, G.D. & Ha, M.K. (2016). Factors of a surveillance environment that affect burglaries in commercial districts, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.73
- Cozens, P. M., Neale, R. H., Whitaker, J., Hillier, D. & Graham, M. (2003). A critical review of street lighting, crime and fear of crime in the British city. Crime Prevention & Community Safety, 5(2), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140143
- Cha, Y.M. & Jung, H.S. (2015). Fear of crime and landscape design in a deteriorated residential area -The case of Yeomni-dong, Seoul-. The Geographical Journal of Korea, 49(1), 51-71.
- Choi, Y.K. & Kang, I.H. (1993). The spatial structure of crime in apartment sites. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 9(8), 25-32.
- Farrington, D.P. & Welsh, B.C. (2002). Improved street lighting and crime prevention, Justice Quarterly, 19(2), 313-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095261
- Farrington, D.P. & Welsh, B.C. (2004). Measuring the effects of improved street lighting on crime: A reply to Dr Marchant, The British Journal of Criminology, 44(3), 448-467. https://doi.org/10.1093/crimin/azh045
- Fisher, B.S. & Nasar, J.L. (1992). Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge, and escape. Environment and Behavior, 24(1), 35-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916592241002
- Fotios, S., Unwin, J. & Farrall, S. (2014). Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: a review, Lighting Research and Technology, 47, 449-469.
- Fotios, S. & Castleton, H. (2016). Specifying enough light to feel reassured on pedestrian footpaths. Leukos, 12(4), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2016.1169931
- Fotios, S. (2016). Comment on empirical evidence for the design of public lighting. Safety science, 86, 88-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.02.020
- Haans, A. & de Kort, Y.A.W. (2012). Light distribution in dynamic street lighting : two experimental studies on its effects on perceived safety, prospect, concealment, and escape. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.05.006
- Herbert, D. & Davidson, N. (1994). Modifying the built environment: the impact of improved street lighting. Geoforum, 25, 339-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(94)90035-3
- Hinkle, J.C. (2015). Emotional fear of crime vs. perceived safety and risk: Implications for measuring "fear" and testing the broken windows thesis, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(1), 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9243-9
- Johansson, M., Rosen, M. & Kuller, R. (2011). Individual factors influencing the assessment of the outdoor lighting of an urban footpath, Lighting Res & Tech, 43(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153510370757
- Jung, M.H. & Kim, S.P. (1997) A study on the crime occurrence and environment characteristics in residential area, Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 13(3), 69-76.
- Kim, D.J., Lee, H.C., Kim, N.Y. & Ha, M.K. (2009). A study on the lighting plan and the fear of crime in outdoor space of apartment complexes. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design, 25(1), 133-144.
- Kim, M.S. & Moon, J.M. (2016). A study on expressing the methods of light for creating safe space. Journal of the Korean Housing Association, 27(3), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.6107/JKHA.2016.27.3.039
- Kim, J.W. (2013). A study on the residential recognition analysis for luminous environments of apartment complexes. Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 13(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.9798/KOSHAM.2013.13.1.025
- Knight, C. (2010). Field surveys investigating the effect of lamp spectrum on the perception of safety and comfort at night. Lighting Res & Tech, 42(3), 313-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153510376794
- Kostic, A. & Djokic, L. (2014). Subjective impressions under LED and metal halide lighting. Lighting Res & Tech, 46(3), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153513481037
- Ku, J.Y. & Kim, K.H. (2011). The effects of the physical environmental characteristics of city on the fear of crime, Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea, 12(5), 59-77
- Kuhn, L., Johansson, M., Laike, T. & Goven, T. (2013). Residents' perceptions following retrofitting of residential area outdoor lighting with LEDs. Lighting Res & Tech, 45(5), 568-584. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153512464968
- Lee, H.C., Lee, J.H., Kim, D.J. & Ha, M.K. (2011). A study on the direction of the lighting plan for crime-free in street of commercial district. Seoul Studies, 12(1), 73-89.
- Lee, H.J., Kang, S.J., Park, S.Y. & Lee, K.H. (2015). A study on the application of CPTED on public design on the Design Seoul street. Seoul Studies, 16(2), 149-164.
- Loewen, L.J., Steel, G.D. & Suedfeld, P. (1993). Perceived safety from crime in the urban environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(4), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80254-3
- Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M., Whitehead, M., Neary, D., Clayton, S., Wright, K., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., Sowden, A. & Renton, A. (2013). Environmental interventions to reduce fear of crime: systematic review of effectiveness, Systematic reviews, 2(1), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-30
- Matsui, T. (2007). A Study on a Street Lighting that Makes Change Illuminance is effective for both reducing fear of crime and saving energy: 26th Session of the CIE, Beijing, Jul 4-11, D-5-112-115.
- Min, B.H., Kim, S.H. & Do, K.H. (1992). Crime survey and relation to environment factors in high-rise apartment sites. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea. 8(10), 65-71.
- Nasar, J.L. & Bokharaei, S. (2016). Impressions of Lighting in Public Squares After Dark. Environment and Behavior, 1-28.
- Painter, K. (1996). The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landscape and Urban Planning, 35(2), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(96)00311-8
- Painter, K. & Farrington, D.P. (1999). Street lighting and crime: diffusion of benefits in the Stoke-on-Trent project. Crime Prev Study, 10, 77-122.
- Painter, K. & Farrington, D.P. (2001). Evaluating situational crime prevention using a young people's survey. British J Criminology, 41, 266-284. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/41.2.266
- Park, J.S. & Jang, Y.H. (2015). A Study on the Nightlight Improvement for Community Crime Prevention. Journal of the Korean Society Design Culture, 21(2), 261-273.
- Pease, K. (1999). A review of street lighting evaluations: Crime reduction effects, in K. Painter and N. Tiley(eds) Crime Prevention Studies, Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
- Pena-Garcia, A., Hurtado, A. & Aguilar-Luzon, M. C. (2015). Impact of public lighting on pedestrians' perception of safety and well-being. Safety Science, 78, 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.009
- https://ledlight.osram-os.com/
- http://www.kats.go.kr