DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

대학생의 행복에 영향을 미치는 사회경제적 요인, 관계, 일상생활, 미래지향성에 관한 연구

How Socio-economic Factors, Relationships, Daily Life, and Future Orientation Affect Happiness for College Students

  • 정지아 (동국대학교 다르마칼리지) ;
  • 이송이 (동국대학교 다르마칼리지) ;
  • 심태은 (동국대학교 학생처 역량개발센터)
  • 투고 : 2017.03.20
  • 심사 : 2017.06.09
  • 발행 : 2017.06.30

초록

본 연구에서는 대학생들에게 어떤 요인들이 행복에 차이를 주는가를 살펴보기 위하여 사회경제적 측면, 대학생이 맺는 다양한 인간관계, 일상생활, 미래지향성 등의 다양한 영역에 관련된 요인을 구성하여 살펴보고 이를 기반으로 한국 대학생의 행복감을 높이는데 기여하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 서울시에 위치한 D대학 대학생 474명을 대상으로 분석한 결과, 연구 대상의 일반적인 특성은 성별의 경우 남학생 247명(52.1%), 여학생 227명(47.9%)으로 구성되었다. 학년은 1학년 268명(56.5%), 2학년 145명(30.6%), 3학년 35명(7.4%), 4학년 26명(5,5%)으로 나타나, 저학년이 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 연구결과, 행복과 의미 있는 관계를 보여주는 변인은 성, 학년, 레져비용, 외모만족도, 부모와의 대화시간, 이성친구 유무, 성경험, 친구 수, 전공 만족도, 학점, 공부시간, 자기계발 시간, 독서시간, 스마트폰 사용, 점심횟수, 운동, 스케줄 관리, 목표설정 등이었다. 반면에 거주형태, 한달 평균용돈, 통학시간, 동거경험, 노트북 사용 시간, SNS 사용시간, 전화통화 시간, 컴퓨터 게임시간, TV 시청시간, 점심 지출금액, 커피횟수, 술 마시는 횟수, 유흥비 등은 행복과 관련이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 미래지향성은 행복의 차이에 영향을 미쳤다. 한국은 경제적 수준에 비해 대학생이 느끼는 행복감이 낮은 나라이다. 인간의 궁극적인 목적을 행복이라고 생각할 때 이 목적을 달성하기 위하여 변화의 가능성이 높은 대학생 시기에 행복에 영향을 미치는 적절한 변인들을 찾아 이를 향상시킬 수 있도록 노력하는 사회에 본 연구가 기여하기를 기대한다.

This research aims to gain a better understanding of college students' thoughts on what factors make them happy and contribute to enhancing their happiness. We focused on the relationship between their self-assessed happiness and various factors affecting happiness, such as their socio-economic status, relationships with others, future orientation, and daily activities. Survey data were collected from October, 2014 to December, 2014 at a South Korean University. The final total number of respondents was 474 from 500 distributed questionnaires, after excluding 26 responses with missing values and unanswered items. The response was comprised of 247 male students, and 227 female students, and of 268 freshmen, 145 sophomores, 35 juniors, and 26 senior students. Factors that were statistically significant were gender, year, average cost of leisure, appearance satisfaction, conversation hour with parents, having girlfriend/boyfriend, sexual experience, number of friends, satisfaction with major, Grade Point Average (GPA), studying hours, time for self-improvement, reading hours, use of smart phone hours, number of daily meals, exercise hour, schedule management and future goal setting. This research was conducted utilizing only data from one university and so it may not be appropriate to generalize the results. Moreover, some of the variables are not in line with previous studies on happiness. Some other mediating variables may exist. Therefore, following research should be conducted.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. M. E. Seligman, K. Reivich, L. Jaycox, J. Gillham,A. D. Kidman, "Optimistic Child", New York, Houghton-Mifflin, 1995.
  2. D .E. Stull, "A dyadic approach to predicting well-being in later life", Research of Aging, vol 10, no. 1, pp. 81-101, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027588101004
  3. B. Headey, R. Veenhoven, A. Wearing, "Top - down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being", Social Indicators Research, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 81-100, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292652
  4. M. Holder, B. Coleman, "The contribution of temperament, popularity, and physical appearance to children's happiness", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 9, no.2, pp. 279-302, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9052-7
  5. Statistics Korea. Suicidal impulse of adolescents. Paper for children-adolescents well-being, 2016.
  6. D. Myers, E. Diener, "Who is happy?", Psychological science, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 10-19. 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
  7. S. K. Kim, Y. S. Chang, H. S. Cho, M. S. Cha, "A study of determinants and indicators of happiness among Koreans", Research paper 2008-13, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 2008.
  8. J. B. Jung, "A study on determinants of happiness among Koreans and its institutional management", Research paper 26. Korea Institute of Public Administration, 2011.
  9. W. Wilson, "Correlates of avowed happiness", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 67, no.4, pp. 294-306. 1967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024431
  10. E. Diener, "Subjective Well-being", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 95, no.3, pp. 542-575, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  11. C. D. Ryff, C. L. M. Keyes, "The structure of psychological well-being revisited", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 69, no.4, pp. 719-727. 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
  12. E. Diener, E. Suh, R. E. Lucas, H.L. Smith, "Subjective well-being: three decades of progress", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 125, no.2, pp. 189-216. 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
  13. D. Kahneman, A. B. Krueger, "Developments in the Measurement of subjective well-being", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 20, pp. 3-24. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526030
  14. N. P. White, "A brief history of happiness". UK: Blackwell Publishing. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470690888
  15. O. D. Duncan, "Toward social reporting: Next steps". New York: Russell Sage Publication, 1969.
  16. S. Han, H. Kim, E.S. Lee, H.S. Lee, "The contextual and compositional association of social capital and subjective happiness: A multilevel analysis from Seoul, South Korea", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 111. no.1, pp. 1183-1200, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9375-x
  17. S. M. Kwon, "Contemporary Abnormal Psychology", Seoul: Hakjisa. 2013.
  18. UNSDSN(United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network), http://worldhappiness.report, 2016.
  19. E. Diener, R. E. Lucas, "Explaining differences in societal levels of happiness: Relative standards, need fulfilment, culture, and evaluation theory", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol.1, no.1, pp. 41-78. 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010076127199
  20. M. S. Woo, "A study on the perspective of happiness and demographic differences", The Journal of Welfare Administration, vol. 28, pp. 51-72, 2012.
  21. C. D. Ryff, B. H.Singer, "Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol.9, pp. 13-39, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
  22. S. Lyubomirsky, K. M. Sheldon, D. Sckade, "Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change", The Review of General Psychology, vol. 9,no. 2, pp. 111-131, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  23. J. W. Hwang, K. H. Kim, "The relationship between orientations to happiness and subjective well-being among university students", The Korean Journal of Counselling, vol. 10, no.1, pp. 57-71, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.10.1.200903.57
  24. A. M. Dockery, "The happiness of young Australians: Empirical evidence on the roles of labour market experience", The Economic Record, vol. 81, pp. 322-335, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2005.00272.x
  25. P. M. Keith, "Work, retirement and well-being among unmarried men and women", The Gerontologist, vol. 25, no.4, pp. 410-416, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/25.4.410
  26. B. H. Sung, S. A. Yoon, "Definition of happiness and its determinants", Journal of brain education, vol.6, pp. 103-134, 2010.
  27. R. Larson, "Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans", The Gerontologist, vol. 33, no.1, pp. 109-125, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/33.1.109
  28. J. I. Park, C. W. Park, H. J. Seo, Y. S. Youm, "Collection of Korean child well-being index and its international comparison with other OECD countries", The Korean Journal of Sociology, vol. 44, no.2, pp. 121-154, 2010.
  29. D. Hamermesh, J. Abrevaya, "Beauty is the promise of happiness", European Economic Review, vol. 64, pp. 351-368, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.09.005
  30. C. D. Ryff, "Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration on the meaning of psychological wellbeing", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 57, no.6, pp. 1069-1081, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  31. N. Y. Yu, Y.J. Jeong, B. A. Kim, Y. S. Chong, H.J. Shin,"An exploratory study on the concept of happiness in Korean undergraduate students", Korean Studies, vol. 55, pp. 197-230, 2015.
  32. A. Abbey, D. J. Abramis, R. D. Caplan, "Effects of different sources of social support and social conflict on emotional well-being", Basic and Applied Social Psychology, vol. 6, no.2, pp. 111-129, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp0602_2
  33. S. Cohen, T. A. Wills, "Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 98, no.2, pp. 301-357, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  34. G. Mccullough, S. Huebner, J. E. Laughlin, "Life event, Self-concept, and adolescents' positive well-being", Psychology in the schools, vol. 37, no 3, pp. 281-290, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6807(200005)37:3<281::AID-PITS8>3.0.CO;2-2
  35. N. Park, "The role of subjective well-being in positive youth development", The Annals of the Academy of the Political and Social Science, vol. 591, no 1, pp. 25-39, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260078
  36. E. K. Seo, "Subjective well-being and Current Research Trend, Annual Conference Book", Korean Clinical Psychology Association, pp. 3-18, 2007.
  37. M. R. Lee, "Daily contextual variations in levels of adolescent happiness", Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology. vol. 16, no 16, pp. 193-209, 2003.
  38. J. Y. Shin, T. Y. Jung, K. S. Chun, "Development of a happiness scale for the Korean college students", Annual conference paper 1, Korean Psychological Association, pp. 412-413, 2007.
  39. M. E. Poole, G. H. Cooney, "Orientation to the future: a comparison of adolescents in Australia and Singapore", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 16, no 16, pp. 129-151, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02138916
  40. E. Trommsdorff, H. Lamm, R. W. Schmidt, "A longitudinal study of adolescents' future orientation (time perspective)", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 131-147, 1979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02087616
  41. R. Fricke, "Orientation towards the future by Liberian school children: A contribution to the understanding of young West Africans", Human Development, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 113-126, 1979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000272432
  42. M. E. Poole, "Youth: expectation and transitions",Victoria: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1983.
  43. G. J. Boniecki, "Is man interested in his future?", International Journal of Psychology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 59-64, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207597708247375
  44. L. Borghi, "Youth perspective on the future", Comparative Education, vol. 19, pp. 269-283, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006830190304
  45. P. Hills, M. Argyle, "The Oxford Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement psychological well-being", Personality and Individual Difference, vol. 33, no.7, pp. 1073-1082, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  46. Y. W. Choi, S. J. Lee, "The influence of individual differences in emotional awareness on mental health of college students", The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 9, no. 4, pp. 887-901, 2004.
  47. M. Argyle, J. Crossland, "Dimensions of positive emotions", The British Journal of Psychology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 127-137, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00773.x
  48. M. S. Kim, H. W Kim, K. H. Cha, J. Y. Lim, Y. S. Han, "Exploration of the structure of happy life and development of the happy life scale among Korean adults", Korean Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 415-442, 2003.
  49. J. D. Kim, "Resilience of adolescent children with problemed drinking parents." Unpublished Master's Thesis, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 2002.
  50. C. L. Jew, K. E. Green, J. Kroger, "Development of validation of a measure of resiliency", Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 75-89, 1999.
  51. P. J. Mrazek, D. A. Mrazek, "Resilience in child maltreatment victims: a conceptual exploratio", Child Abuse & Neglect, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 357-366, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(87)90009-3
  52. S. Sun, J. Chen, M. Johannesson, P. Kind, K. Burstrom, "Subjective well-being and its association with subjective health status, age, sex, region, and socioeconomic characteristics in a Chinese population study", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 833-873, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9611-7
  53. J. O'Rourke, M. Cooper, "Lucky to be happy: a study of happiness in Australian primary students", Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 94-107, 2010,
  54. M. Simons, S. Peeters, M. Janssens, J. Lataster, N. Jacobs, "Does age make a difference? Age as moderator in the association between Time perspective and happiness", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1-11, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9806-1
  55. L. Lu, C. H. Hu, "Personality, leisure experience and happiness", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 325-342. 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-8628-3
  56. W. Y. Shim, "Mediation Effects of self=esteem in the relationship between appearance satisfaction and happiness of elementary school students", the Journal of Elementary education, vol. 25. no. 25, pp. 31-51, 2012.
  57. E. T. Barker, M. H. Bornstein, "Global self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and self-reported dieting in early adolescence", The Journal of early adolesence, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 205-224, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609332936
  58. M. K. Kim, "A phenomenological study on university students' happiness experience", Korean Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1-34, 2011.
  59. Y. J. Kwon, "Factor influencing happiness of university students and their parents: With specific focus on relationship among emotional support and self-efficacy", Unpublished Master's Thesis, Inha University, Incheon, 2008.
  60. H. P. H. Chow, "Life satisfaction among university students in a Canadian Prairie City: A multivariate analysis", Social Indicators Research, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 139-150, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-7526-0
  61. M. H. Kim, Psychological characteristics of people as attitude of cohabitation in college student. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 2009.
  62. E. Arampatzi, M. Burger, N. Novik, "Social Network Sites, Individual Social Capital and Happiness", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 17, pp. 1-24, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2853339
  63. H. Cheng, A. Furnham, "Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness", Journal of Adolescence, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 327-339, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0475
  64. T. E. Shim, S. Y. Lee, "The effect of parental attachment and smart phone use on the college life adjustment of freshmen", Korean Journal of Family Welfare, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 471-487, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13049/kfwa.2014.19.3.471
  65. Y. J. Lee, "The efforts for becoming happy of college students", Asian Journal of Education, vol. 12, pp. 63-84, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15753/aje.2011.12.2.004
  66. M. Laguna, G. Alessandri, G. V. Caprara, "How do you Feel About this Goal? Goal-Related Affect, Positive Orientation, and Personal Goal Realization in the Family Domain", Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 17, pp. 1-16, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9750-0